HyperWar: Herringbone Cloak--GI Dagger: Marines of the OSS [Notes]

Notes

Chapter I -- "The Worst Slap in the Face . . ."

1. Contemporary accounts of opposition to Donovan's appointment--Hoover referred to it as "Roosevelt's folly"--are plentiful. A representative example is "Job for Donovan," Newsweek (July 21, 1941), pp. 15-16. The best concise description of the entire appointment process and its ramifications is found in William R. Corson, The Armies of Ignorance (New York: Dial Press/James Wade, 1977), Chpt. 3.
2. A short biographical summary of Donovan's career comprises Annex A to this paper. A more extensive popular biography is Corry Ford, Donovan of the OSS (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970). See also Corson, pp. 119-128 and F.W. Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret (London: Harper & Row, 1974), p. 199, for details on what was probably the most significant Allied intelligence source during World War II.
3. For details of Donovan's charter as COI, see Kermit Roosevelt, War Report of the OSS (New York: Walker, 1976), pp. 5-8. It should be noted that this comprises the first of two published volumes of the official wartime history of the Office of Strategic Services and its forerunner, the Office of Coordinator of Information. The original report was prepared during 1946-47 under the aegis of the Strategic Services Unit, Office of the Assistant Secretary of War. Kermit Roosevelt was the Chief Historian. originally classified Top Secret, the report was "sanitized" by CIA and released to the National Archives in 1975 (in this case, "sanitized" means that most names of American personnel and certain details of financial transactions with other intelligence services have been deleted.) The published versions are exact duplicates of the National Archives copy with the major exception that they do not contain the primary "exhibits." Hereafter,all reference to the War Report relate to the published version unless otherwise noted.
4. Elliott Roosevelt, ed., The Roosevelt Letters (New York: Random House, 1952) Vol. III, p. 297. See also H.M. Hyde, Room 3603: The Story of the British Intelligence Center in New York During World War II (New York: Farrar, Straus, 1962), p. 34.
5. Top Secret Memorandum, William J. Donovan to The President of the United States, dated 22 December 1941. A facsimile is lodged in Annex B of this paper. (Copy in National Archives copy of War Report).
6. Corson, Armies of Ignorance, p. 177.
7. Robert D. Heinl, Jr., Soldiers of the Sea (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1962), p. 306.
8. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 19554) Vol. III, p. 648.
9. Francis L. Loewenheim, Harold D. Langley, Manfred Jones, ed., Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence (London: Barrie,Jenkins, 1976), p. 85. Hereafter referred to as Wartime Correspondence.
10. War Report, Vol. I., p. 16.
11. Charles L. Updegraph, Jr., Special Marine Corps Units of World War II (Washington: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1972), p. 1. See also James Ladd, Commandos and Rangers of World War II (London: MacDonald and Jane's, 1978), pp., 95-96; and John W. Gordon, "The U.S. Marines and an Experiment in Military Elitism: A Reassessment of the Special Warfare Impetus 1937-43" (n.p.), pp. 105. Copy provided by the author.
12. Michael Blankfort, The Big Yankee (Boston: Little, Brown, 1947), p. 123.
13. Gordon, "Experiment in Elitism," p. 7.
14. Captain Evans F. Carlson, USMC, "A Report on the Military Activities in Northwest China with Special Regard to the Organization and Tactics of the Eighth Route Army (Ex-communist)" dated 23 March 1938. This report, originally classified "confidential," is in the Library of the United States Army War College, Carlisle Barrack, Pa. (Copy provided by Dr. Gordon).
15. U.S. Department of the Navy, Oral History Transcript of Major General Oscar F. Peatross, USMC (Ret), (Washington: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1975), pp. 70-76. See also Blankfort, pp. 264-288.
16. Updergraph, Ladd, and Gordon all discuss the Donovan appointment. Detailed documentation of the developing Marine Corps position follows in subsequent notations. Facsimiles of most primary documents are lodged in Annex B of this paper.
17. COnfidential letter, Captain James Roosevelt, USMCR, to The Major General Commandant dated 13 January 1942. (Classified Raider File, Marine Corps Records, National Archives, Washington; hereafter referred to as Raider File). A copy is in Annex B o0f this paper. For an interesting comment on Roosevelt's plan to attack Japan proper, see: U.S. Department of the Navy, Oral History Transcript of Major General Omar T. Pfeiffer, USMC (Ret), (Washington: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1974),m pp. 195-96. So far as publicity for the British commandos in the American press was concerned, see Evelyn Waugh, "Commando Raid on Bardia," Life (November 17, 1941) as a representative but more elegantly written example of the genre.
18. Ladd, Commandos and Rangers, p. 95.
19. Secret Memorandum, Admiral E.J. King, USN, to Major General Holcomb, dated 8 January 1942. (Original is lodged in Classified Central Files, Marine Corps Records, National Archives, Washington; hereafter referred to as Classified Central Files). See Annex B for complete facsimile.
20. This message is quoted verbatim in Confidential Letter, Major general Holcomb to Major general Clayton B. Vogel, USMC, dated 10 February 1942. (Copy lodged in Classified Central Files). A facsimile is located in Annex B21. Secret message, SPENAVO London to COMINCH #091421, January 1942,. (Copy lodged in Classified Central Files). The substance of this message is repeated in Secret Letter,Cominch to CNO, dated 16 January 1942, a copy of which is provided in Annex B to this paper.
22. Secret Letter, Major General Commandant to COMINCH, dated 10 January 1942. (Copy in Classified Central Files).
23. Confidential letter, Major General Commandant to Major General H.M. Smith,USMC, dated 14 January 1942. (Copy in Classified Central Files). The letter to Major General Price was identical in every detail to the one sent Smith. A facsimile is in Annex B to this paper. Apparently, another copy went to Major General C.B. Vogel, USMC, as well.
24. Confidential letter, Major General H.M. Smith, USMC, to Major General Commandant, dated 16 January 1942. (Original in Classified Central Files). A copy of Smith's complete and acidic reply is in Annex B to this paper.
25. Confidential letter, Major General Price to Major General Holcomb, dated 16 January 1942. (Original lodged in Classified Central Files). A complete facsimile is in Annex B to this paper. See also Updegraph, pp. 2-3.
26. Personal letter, Major General Price to Major General Holcomb, dated 16 January 1942. (Original lodged in the Thomas Holcomb collection, Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard; hereafter referred to as Holcomb Papers). A complete facsimile is in Annex B to this paper.
27. Secret letter, COMINCH (King) to CNO (Stark), dated 16 January 1942. (Copy in Raider File). A complete facsimile is in Annex B to this paper.
28. Personal letter, Major General Holcomb to Mr. Samuel Meek, dated 19 January 1942. (Copy lodged in Holcomb Papers). A complete facsimile is located in Annex B to this paper.
29. Newsweek, (January 19,1942), p. 90.
30. Secret letter, CINCPACFLT (Nimitz) to CG 2ndJTF (Vogel), dated 24 January 1942. (Copy lodged in Raider File).
31. Secret memorandum, Holcomb to COMINCH (King), Subject: "Training of Amphibious Raiding Units of 'Commando-type,' dated 4 February 1942. (Copy lodged in Raider File). A complete facsimile is located in Annex B to this paper. See also, Secret despatch, COMINCH to CINCLANTFLT dated 5 February 1942, ibid.
32. For details of the Navy's official perception of the entire period, see U.S. Navy Department, Report to the Senate Committee on Naval Affairs (1st Session, 79th Congress, October 22, 1945), pp. 55-62. This document is commonly referred to as the "Eberstadt Report." The Records of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Record Group 218, National Archives (washington) are an additional source. These contain primary documentation of the complete spectrum of JCS activities, including later dealings with OSS; hereafter referred to as JCS Report.
33. COnfidential letter, Lieutenant General Holcomb to Major General Vogel, dated 10 February 1942. (Copy lodged in Raider File). A facsimile is located in Annex B to this paper.
34. Confidential letter, Lieutenant General Holcomb to Major General H.M. Smith, dated 11 February 1942. (Copy lodged in Raider File). A facsimile is located in Annex B to this paper. The reader is cautioned that the letter to Smith is identical to that written to Vogel (see note 33 above) for the first page only. Both of these comprise an important synopsis of Marine Corps positions relative to the Donovan appointment and the means to counter it.
35. The complete text of this message is reproduced in Wartime Correspondence, pp. 184-86.
36. Personal letter, Lieutenant General Holcomb to Brigadier General Fegan, dated 9 March 1942. (Copy lodged in Holcomb Papers). A facsimile is located in Annex B to this paper. As for what Fegan "could do" about the Donovan matter, it should be noted that as Commanding General of the 2nd Marine Division, both Carlson and James Roosevelt came under his authority. It is impossible to determine whether this personal link to the President was utilized. However, James Roosevelt in particular was no great respecter of military rank when it came to expressing opinions or getting his way. For an interesting sample, see the previously cited Pfeiffer Transcript.
37. Secret memorandum, Coordinator of Information to Joint Chiefs of Staff, dated 2 March 1942. (Copy lodged in JCS Files). See also Alfred D. Chandler, ed., The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, the War Years (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1970), Vol. I, pp. 254-54.
Chapter II -- "One of a Kind, Unique . . ."

1. John Chamberlain, "OSS," Life (November 19, 1945), p. 119.
2. Robert B. Asprey, At Belleau Wood (New York: Putnam, 1954), p. 165. For more detailed information regarding Eddy's 4-5 June patrol, see U.S. Army, Records of the Second Division (Regular) (Washington: The Army War College, 1927), Vol. 8. This work, hereafter referred to as Second Division Records, is comprised of 10 large volumes. Pagination is not present in those utilized by this writer.
3. Second Division Records, Operational Reports and War Diaries, Marine Brigade, 1918, Vol. 7. (n.p. as previously noted). See also Jane Blackeney, Heroes, U.S. Marine Corps, 1861-1955 (Washington: Gutherie, 1957), P. 147.
4. Brigadier General Albertus W.Catlin, USMC, With the Help of God and a Few Marines (New York: Doubleday and Page, 1919), p. 424.
5. Who Was Who in America, (Chicago: Marquis Press,1968), p. 278.
6. U.S. Marine Corps, Biographical Summary W.A. Eddy (Washington: circa 1943), n.p. This is a very rough MS apparently prepared for the Public Relations Branch of Headquarters Marine Corps. (Copy lodged in Biographical Files, Marine Corps Historical Center. Washington Navy Yard; hereafter referred to as Biographical Files). See also Ford, Donovan of OSS, p. 135, and r. Harris Smith, OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency (Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1972), pp. 41.42.
7. Personal letter, Major General Holcomb to Major W.A. Eddy, dated 28 January 1941. (Copy lodged in Holcomb Papers).
8. For the best concise account of this period--which saw another important Donovan "mystery man" trip--see Corson, pp. 110-120. The quotation from the ,i>London News Chronicle is repeated in Newsweek (December 16, 1940), p. 16.
9. [No footnote text included for this item.]
10. War Report, p. 93.
11. Ibid., p. 94. See also, Robert D. Murphy, Diplomat Among Warriors (New York: Doubleday, 1964), pp. 90-93.
12. Top Secret memorandum, William J.Donovan to President Roosevelt, dated 3 January 1942. (Copy lodged in National Archives edition of War Report). A complete facsimile is located in Annex C to this paper.
13. Memorandum endorsement, OP-16-F, Office of Naval Intelligence to 2nd Lieut. Holcomb, F.P., Request for duty as Assistant Naval Attaché, Cairo, dated 23 June 1941. (Copy lodged in Marine Corps Files, Federal Records Center, St.Louis, Missouri; hereafter referred to as FRC Files).
14. War Report, p. 94.
15. Ibid., p. 95.
16. Major Guy Richards, USMCR, "The Damnedest Assignments," an unpublished rough US, apparently written for Public Relations Branch, Headquarters, Marine Corps, in 1948, p. 442. (Partial copy lodged in Holcomb Papers; hereafter referred to as Richards MS).
17. For a detailed account of the action alluded to in the note, see Warren Tute, The Deadly Stroke (New York: Coward, McCann, 1973).
18. Letter, U.S. Naval Attaché, Tangier to Director of Naval Intelligence, dated May 20th, 1942. (Copy lodged in FRC Files). A facsimile is located in Annex C to this paper.
19. William Langer, Our Vichy Gamble (New York: Norton, 1947), p. 239.
20. Secret message, Naval Attaché, Tangier to Coordinator of Information, dated 14 April 1942. (Copy lodged in Millard Goodfellow Collection, Hoover Institution, Stanford University; hereafter referred to as Goodfellow Papers).
21. Langer, Our Vichy Gamble, p. 244.
22. War Report, Vol. II, p. 14.
23. Quoted in personal letter, Rear Admiral A.G. Kirk, USN, to Lieutenant General Holcomb, dated 8 August 1942. (Copy lodged in Holcomb Papers).
24. News of the promotion was relayed to the Commandant by Captain McCrea, the President's naval aide. See Memorandum for the Record, dated 27 July 1942. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
25. Most Secret personal message #107, Churchill to Roosevelt, dated July 8, 1942, reproduced in Wartime Correspondence, p. 222.
26. Top Secret and Personal message, Roosevelt to Churchill, dated 27 July 1942, ibid., p. 227. For details of the entire affair, see the excellent concise account in Warren Tute, The North African War (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1976), pp. 62-71.
27. Smith, p. 51.
28. Quoted in Stewart Alsop and Thomas Braden, Sub Rose--the OSS and American Espionage (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1948), p. 87. A similar account is given by Smith. For details of Eddy's written approach to JCS, which was similar to his midnight briefing of Strong, Patton, and Doolittle, see his Memorandum to JCS dated 10 June 1942. (Copy lodged in Goodfellow Papers,).
29. (From Associated Press) "Fierce Fighting 80 Miles From Stalingrad," Baltimore Sun (30 July 1942), p. 1.
30. Secret, "Eyes Only" message, Eisenhower to George C. Marshall (#1027), dated August 10, 1942. (Copy lodged in Eisenhower Papers).
31. Smith, p. 56.
32. Richards MS, pp. 442-445. Alsop and Braden also relate this story in essentially the same terms; however, the ham incident is not mentioned.
33. Secret message, Marshall to Eisenhower, dated 2 October 1942. (Copy lodged in Eisenhower Papers).
34. See series of correspondence lodged in FRC Files. Eisenhower also recommended that Eddy be made Senior U.S. military attaché in North Africa.
35. Who Was Who in America, p. 278.
36. Murphy, Diplomat Among Warriors, p. 92. Eddy left the State Department in October 1947, to become political advisor to the Arabian-American Oil Company (ARAMCO). Interestingly, during the 1958 Lebanon crisis, the American diplomat we sent to resolve the situation was Robert D. Murphy. Upon his arrival, Murphy learned that the U.S. Marine forces were being advised on political matters by a retired Colonel: William A. Eddy. Colonel Eddy died in Beirut on 3 May 1962, and his buried near his Sidon birthplace.
Chapter III -- "For Excellent Personal Reasons"

1. Special Order, Commandant of the Marine Corps to Captain Peter J. ORTIZ, USMCR, 012779, 012779, dated 23 December 1942. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
2. The account of Ortiz' early life and service with the Foreign Legion is from an unpublished MS prepared by Headquarters Marine Corps in 1952--apparently for submission to the Reader's Digest. Check of that publication reveals no evidence that the story was ever considered for publication. The author of the MS is unknown; however there are a number of direct quotations from Ortiz, which suggest that he cooperated with the writer. The style is very similar to that of the previously cited Richard's MS. A complete copy of the rough document is located in the Biographical Files, Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard; hereafter referred to as Digest MS.
3. Ibid., p. 4.
4. War Report, Vol. II, p. 19.
5. Ibid.
6. Secret Memorandum, Captain Peter J. Ortiz, USMCR, to Major General William J. Donovan, dated 15 May 1943. (Copy declassified and provided to author by U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.) This document constitutes Ortiz' "after action report" for his assignment in North Africa. It and several other still-Secret appendices are located in the classified archives of the Marine Corps Historical Center.
7. The injury to "a Marine Officer" is mentioned in the War Report, Volume II, p. 21. As usual, no name is provided. However, a casualty list for members of the OSS Naval Command dated 16 September 1945, which was provided by CIA, reveals: "Harris, Elmer, Captain, USMCR, WIA land mine, Tunisia, 3 March 1943." For more on Captain Harris, see a later chapter of this paper.
8. Secret Memorandum, Ortiz to Donovan, op.cit. (n.p.)
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid. The handwritten note from Donovan to his Executive Officer, Colonel Buxton, is written across the top of the first page.
11. Digest MS, p. 5.
12. War Report, Vol. II, p. 21.
Chapter IV -- "A Pungent Collection . . ."

1. Military Order, "Office of Strategic Services," The White House, June 13, 1942, /s/ Franklin D. Roosevelt, Commander-in-Chief. (Copy lodged in National Archives copy of War Report, Volume I, p. 282.) A facsimile is located in Annex C to this paper.
2. Hyde, Room 3603, p. 174.
3. John Paton Davies Jr., Dragon By the Tail (New York: J.W. Norton, 1972), p. 287.
4. Ford, Donovan of OSS, p. 122. The "monkey house" description was actually based on fact. When COI occupied the National Health Institute building, the top floor was still being used as a laboratory containing a variety of animals--goats, guinea pigs, and monkeys. In order to secure the space for his offices, Donovan complained that an infected monkey had gotten loose and bitten a stenographer. The lab was forced to move out and COI gained use of the entire structure.
5. Speech, Allen Dulles to Eire County Bar Association, "William J. Donovan and National Security," (Buffalo, N.Y.) 4 May 1959.
6. Smith, p. 13.
7. Letter, William J. Donovan to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 8 June 1943. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
8. Letter, William L. Langer to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 21 June 1943. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
9. Letter, Colonel David K.E. Bruce to William J. Donovan, dated 14 May 1944. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
10. Who's Who in America (1978), p. 710.
11. Gard's brief military biography is based on a synthesis of letters, reports, and official orders lodged in FRC Files.
12. Letter, George H. Owen, to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 19 November 1943. (Copy lodged in FRC File). Owen's application of commission stated: "I have no hobbies other than reading books on history and government. I 'get around' socially and am familiar with foreigners, their mentality, mannerisms, classes, and politics."
13. Letter of Recommendation, Major General Henry L. Larsen, USMC, to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 8 December 1943. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
14. Letter, OSS, Allied Armies in Italy (R&A) to Dr.William L. Langer, Washington, dated 18 April 1944. (Copy lodged in Algiers Outpost File, Entry 73, Box 5, RG 226, National Archives.
15. Charles' military biography and the background of his "administrative convenience" commissioning in the Marine Corps Reserve is documented in a number of letters, memoranda, and applications lodged in FRC Files). Apparently, he merely went out and bought a set of Marine uniforms without benefit of any officer training. Charles died in 1952, and was buried at Arlington with appropriate Marine Corps participation.
16. Confidential Letter, Head, Planning and Operations Staff, OSS, London to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 20 February 1945. (Copy lodged in FRC Files). See also letter, Brigadier E. Mockler-Ferryman, British Army (SOE) to OSS, Londong, dated 19 October 1944. (Ibid.)
17. Letter, R&A London to Director of Strategic Services, dated 12 May 1944. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
18. War Report, Vol. II, p. 262.
19. Memorandum, OSS London to Head, SO Branch, Washington, dated 19 August 1944. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
20. Transcript of Record, Lieutenant Colonel James Marshall McHugh, U.S. Marine Corps, dated 2 June 1943. (Copy lodged in FRC Files). This is an unusual three page record of McHugh's entire Marine career up until 1943. Precisely why it was prepared is unclear, although the author appears to be McHugh himself.
21. Barbara Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China 1917-45 (New York: Macmillan, 1971), p. 338.
22. Vice Admiral Milton E. Miles, USN (Ret), A Different Kind of War (New York: Macmillan, 1971), p. 338.
23. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, p. 239.
24. Ibid. See also Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II: CHINA-BURMA-INDIA THEATER, Stilwell's Mission to China (Washington: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1953), pp. 248-254.
25. Letter, Commanding Officer, Naval Command, OSS to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 11 November 1943. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
26. Memorandum, Secretary of the Navy to Lt. Gen. Thomas Holcomb, USMC, dated 13 November, 1943. (Copy lodged in FRC Files). A facsimile is provided in Appendix C to this paper.
27. Memorandum, Major General Peck to Commandant of the Marine Corps (Vandegrift), Subject: Telephone conversation between Peck and Mr. (Charles) Cheston (of OSS), dated 9 December 1944. (Copy lodged in FRC Files). Vandegrift was no stranger to either McHugh or China, having served himself in the Peking legation during the mid-thirties in company of such Marines as Carlson, McHugh, and Samuel Griffith. In the record of conversation, Cheston stated that he "personally felt McHugh's proper lace was a naval attaché there."
28. Letter, Commanding Officer, Naval Command (OSS) to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 12 December 1944. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
29. Miles, A Different Kind of War, p. 20. Magruder became head of the residue of OSS after Donovan left in late September, 1945. Unable to convince President Truman of the need to keep the painfully constructed intelligence apparatus intact, he eventually resigned in disgust.
30. Letter, Colonel J.M. McHugh, USMC, to Vice Admiral R.S. Edwards, USN, (CNO), dated 12 March 1945. (Copy lodged in FRC Files). See also handwritten memorandum, McHugh to Vandegrift of same date. (Ibid.)
31. Ibid.
32. Marine Corps Special Order, 2445-40/DFA-904-acj, dated 1 October 1945. (Copy lodged in FRC Files). This order is a major source for identifying Marine officers who were attached to OSS. Although by no means a complete list (it only addresses those who were still attached on the date of issue), it proved a "gold mine" for the author.
33. Letter, Dr. Robert Hutchins to Director, Division of Reserve, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, dated 6 January 1943. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
34. Ibid.
35. Private and Official Letter, Colonel Clark W. Thompson, USMC, (Director, Marine Corps Reserve) to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 31 May 1944. (Copy lodged in FRC Files). Thompson recommended Major Gower for a personal decoration in recognition of her outstanding service to the Corps. She subsequently became on of the first Woman Marines to receive the Navy Letter of Commendation--now the Navy Commendation Medal.
36. Letter, Commanding Officer, Naval Command, OSS to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 17 April 1944. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
37. For the definitive study of the Women's Reserve, see: Lt. Col. Pat Meid's Marine Corps Historical Pamphlet, "Marine Corps Women's Reserve in World War II," published by Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., 1968.
Chapter V -- "Zdravo Purvi Americanec"

1. Walter R. Mansfield, "Marine With the Chetniks," Marine Corps Gazette (January-February, 1946), p. 3.
2. Ibid., p. 4.
3. Walter R. Roberts, Tito, Mihailovic and the Allies (Rahway, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1973), p. 70.
4. Constantin Fotic, The War We Lost (New York: Viking, 1948), p. 146. See also Fitzroy Maclean, The Heretic (New York: Harper Brothers, 1967), pp. 108-113.
5. Roberts, Tito, Mihailovic and the Allies, p. 20.
6. For a good account of Mihailovic's early career and the organization of his Chetnik guerilla army see: Albert Seitz, Mihailovic, Hoax or Hero (Columbus, Ohio: Leigh House, 1953).
7. Roberts, p. 23.
8. Vladimir Dedijer, Tito (New York: Simon and Shuster, 1953), p. 174. This work is an abridged translation of Josip Broz Tito--Prilozi za Biografiju (Belgrade: Kultura, 1953).
9. Maclean, The Heretic, p. 114.
10. Phyllis Auty, Tito (London: Longmans, 1970), p. 191. See also Roberts,p. 34.
11. The Chetniks later claimed to Hudson that the attack on Uzice was a reprisal for Partisan skirmishes initiated against them in another area. Roberts, probably the authoritative source available in English, discounts the reciprocity charge.
12. Roberts, pp. 49-50.
13. Initially, all news coverage of the shadow war in Yugoslavia praised Mihailovic. Even the Daily Worker made the mistake of naming him as leader of the Partisan movement. For a good example, see the New York Times Magazine (1 February 1942) article by Middle East correspondent Ray Brock. This situation changed drastically when respected Balkan watcher, Louis Adamic, published a remarkably accurate assessment of the situation in the Saturday Evening Post (19 December 1942). Thereafter, it seemed to be "choose a champion," and the Tito-Mihailovic controversy fueled the always simmering feud between hyphenated Americans of Yugoslav ancestry.
14. Letter, The Honourable Walter R. Mansfield to author, dated 18 January 1979.
15. Michael Howerd, Grand Strategy (London: H.M. Stationary Office, 1956), discusses this period in some detail. The direct quote is from William Jones, Twelve Months With Tito (Bedford (U.K.) Bedford Press, 1946), p. 2.
16. Smith, p. 134-35.
17. Letter, William J. Donovan to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated February 5,1943. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
18. Mansfield, "Marine With the Chetniks," p. 5.
19. Ibid., p. 6.
20. Ibid. p. 8.
21. Seitz, Mihailovic, Hoax or Hero?, pp. 13-14. Seitz discusses Ango-American relations and antagonism at some length. Mansfield is more diplomatic. Roberts, once again, is the best neutral observer.
22. Roberts, p. 129-35.
23. Mansfield, "Marine With the Chetniks," (Part II), p. 17.
24. Roberts, p. 153.
25. Mansfield, "Marine With the CHetniks," (Part II), p. 18.
26. Roberts, p. 156. Captain Mansfield was awarded the Bronze Star Medal for his work in Yugoslavia. The Royal Government-in-Exile also decorated him with the Order of the White Eagle with Swords. Mansfield would later win the Legion of Merit in China.
27. Smith, p. 142.
28. Walter R. Mansfield, "IS There A Case for Mihailovic?," American Mercury (June, 1946), pp. 716ff.
29. Most Secret Message, Churchill to Roosevelt, dated 1 September 1944. (A facsimile appears in Wartime Correspondence, p. 568. In this message, Churchill chided Roosevelt for allowing Donovan the initiative to even prepare groundwork for additional support missions to the Chetniks. The President meekly replied two days later, "I am directly Donovan to withdraw any plans for such an operation."
30. "Where is Mihailovic?," Newsweek (December 25, 1944), p. 47.
31. C.L. Sulzberger, A Long Row of Candles (New York: MacMillan, 1969), p. 237.
32. Maclean, The Heretic, p. 284.
Chapter -VI- "Did You Play Football in College?"

1. Sterling W. Hayden, Wanderer (Toronto: G.J. McLeod, 1963), p. 312.
2. A brief biography of Hayden (Hamilton) is located in the Biographic Files, Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard. Apparently prepared as a press release in 1946, it bears no author or pagination.
3. Hayden, Wanderer, p. 301.
4. Ibid., p. 306.
5. "New Marine," New York Daily News (27 October1942), p. 3.
6. Letter, Director of Strategic Services to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 12 March 1943. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
7. Sulzberger, p. 238.
8. Harold Macmillan, The Blast of War (London: Macmillan, 1947), p. 527.
9. Smith, p. 124.
10. Bicham Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular (London: Methuen, 1965), p. 137.
11. Hayden, p. 310.
12. Ibid.
13. Smith, p. 146.
14. Hayden, pp. 316-17.
15. Ibid.
16. Ladd, Commandos and Rangers of World War II, p. 156.
17. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities, "Hearings on the Communist Influence and Infiltration of the Hollywood Motion Picture Industry" (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1951), p. 132.
18. Smith, p. 147.
19. Hayden, p. 328.
20. Sulzberger, p. 45-47.
21. Ibid., p. 479.
22. War Report, Vol. II, p. 125.
23. Restricted Memorandum, Commandant of the Marine Corps to Secretary of the Navy, dated 4 July 1944. (Copy lodged in FRC Files). The sense of this document is that Cooky's commissioning should not be delayed simply because he is unable to provide evidence of a Navy physical examination. The writer point out--probably tongue-in-cheek--that there are no facilities available since Cooky is "carrying out secret operations behind enemy lines."
24. Restricted Letter, H.T. Fultz, 2677th Regiment (Provisional) OSS, to 1stLt Harry Harper, USMCR, Chief Balkan SI Section, dated 10 April 1945. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
25. Ibid. Fultz was the American civilian who the Albanian Government initially refused to accept. He eventually became the first acting American Ambassador to the Tirana regime.
26. War Report, Vol. II., p. 126.
27. Restricted Letter #95, American Mission to Albania to The Honorable Secretary of State, Washington, dated 6 October 1945. (Copy lodged in FRC Files). Lieutenant Cooky was one of only four Americans decorated by the Albanian communist resistance.
28. Letter, Specialist 4/c Harry H. Harper, AUS, to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 23 November 1943. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
29. Sulzberger, p. 63.
30. War Report, Vol. II, p. 333.
31. Headquarters, U.S. Army Forces Mid-East (Cairo), Citation to accompany award of the Legion of Merit to First Lieutenant Harry H. Harper, USMCR, dated 8 November 1944. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
32. Who's Who in America (1978), p. 526.
33. Letter, William J. DOnovan to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 18 December 1943. (Copy lodged in FRC Files). This is the standard form letter from OSS to HQMC requesting detail of an active duty officer to the Director of Strategic Services. These invariably state that the officer in question is needed and qualified for a special overseas assignment.
34. Sulzberger, p. 79.
35. War Report, Vol., II, p. 331.
36. Personal letter, Dr. William L. Cary to author dated December 20, 1978.
37. War Report, Vol. II, p. 332.
38. Cary letter of 20 December 1978 briefly discusses this period. The direct quote is from Smith, p. 154.
39. War Report, Vol. II, p. 337.
Chapter -VII- "I'm Going to Blow This Bridge, and I'll Do the Same To You If Necessary"

1. David Howarth, The Greek Adventure (New York: Atheneum, 1976), p. 77.
2. Sulzberger, p. 240.
3. Who's Who in America (1978), p. 921.
4. Letter, Director of Strategic Services to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 24 June 1943. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
5. Personal letter, Dr. Gerald F. Else to author, dated 39 November 1978.
6. War Report, Vol. II, p. 120.
7. Ibid.
8. Howarth, The Greek Adventure, p. 39.
9. Else letter of 30 November 1978. See also War Report, Vol. II, p. 329.
10. War Report, Vol. II, p. 330.
11. T/Sgt. Arthur E. Mielke, "Gunny Curtis," Leatherneck (January, 1946), p. 22.
12. Letter, Director of Strategic Services to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 19 September 1943, and other miscellaneous correspondence concerning orders and transportation lodged in FRC Files.
13. LCdr. Richard. Kelly, USNR, "Mission to Greece," Bluebook (November, 1946), pp. 76-78. Kelly was Commanding Officer of the OSS Maritime Unit in the Adriatic during 1943-45. He wrote a series of articles on American exploits behind enemy lines for Bluebook during 1946-47 based on insider information and personal interviews with the participants. Mr. Walter Pforzheimer, former Chief Counsel of the CIA, claims that the Kelly series contains the most accurate writing on OSS operations published prior to the War Report. Pforzheimer should know. He possesses what is probably the best personal collection of intelligence literature in the world.
14. Ibid., p. 82.
15. War Report, Vol. II, p. 122. The JCS directive is Memorandum #816 (Copy lodged in JCS Files, National Archives.
16. Kelly, "Mission to Greece," p. 83.
17. Report of Mission Evros, OSS Historical File #215, p. 3. (Copy declassified and provided to author by U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.)
18. "Mission to Greece," p. 85.
19. Miejlke, "Gunny Curtis," p. 22.
20. War Report, Vol. II, p. 123.
21. Correspondence relating to Curtis' award of the Bronze Star for service with the Evros mission in Greece and his later award of the Silver Star in China is located in FRC Files. As was often the case in OSS_originated awards, the citations provide few details.
Chapter -VIII- "Exigencies of the Situation . . ."

1. Alsop and Braden, Sub Rosa, pp. 22-23.
2. Smith, p. 5. See also William Morgan, The O.S.S. and I (New York: Norton, 1957), pp. 16-17.
3. OSS Assessment Staff, Assessment of Men (New York: Rhinehart, 1948), p. 4.
4. Ibid., p. 5.
5. Who's Who in America (1978), p. 1099. See also Personal History Questionnaire, Office of Public Relations, Marine Barracks, Quantico, Va., case of 1st Lt. John WIlliam Gardner, USMCR, dated 17 February 1944. (Copy lodged in Biographical Files, Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard.)
6. Assessment of Men, pp. 316-349.
7. War Report, Vol. I, p. 240.
8. Ibid., p. 231.
9. Transcript of Military Service of Colonel Philip W. Strong, 04030, USMCR, Records Branch, Personnel Department, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 9 August 1955. This document, along with a variety of correspondence, located in FRC Files, provides the basis of Strong's brief biography.
10. Letter, Coordinator of Information to Secretary of the Navy, dated 16 January 1942. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
11. Letter, Major General Commandant to Chief of Naval Operations, dated 21 January 1942; Letter, Chief of Naval Operations to Coordinator of Information, dated 22 January 1942. (Copies of both lodged in FRC Files).
12. Letter, William J. Donovan to Secretary of the Navy, dated 17 February 1942; and Memorandum, Secretary of the Navy to Chief of Naval Operations, dated 18 February 1942. (Copies lodged in FRC Files).
13. Transcript of Military Service, op. cit.
14. Letter, Secretary of the Joint Staff to Coordinator of Information, dated 9 July 1942. (Copy lodged in JSC Files).
15. Memorandum, William J. Donovan to Brigadier General W.B. Smith, dated 17 August 1942. (Copy lodged in National Archives copy of War Report, pp. 296-329.
16. Confidential Letter, Commander Battleship Squadron TWO to Secretary of the Navy, dated 16 March 1945. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
17. War Report, Vol. I, p. 240.
Chapter -IX- "Who Knew Not Fear"

1. Henri Michel, The Shadow War (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), p. 325.
2. M.R.D. Foote, SOE in France, p. 357.
3. Ibid. See also Smith, p. 174. It should be noted that Smith, while calling Ortiz "the first full-fledged OSS Member" into France, is two weeks in error on the date of UNION's drop.
4. Digest MS, p. 6.
5. A copy of the complete citation is lodged in FRC Files.
6. War Report, Vol. II, p. 194.
7. Ibid., p. 195.
8. Activity Report of Sergeant Frederick J. Brunner, USMC, OSS (SO) W.E. Section, dated 4 October 1944. (Copy provided to author by Central Intelligence Agency.) Hereafter referred to as Brunner Report.
9. Sergeant Perry was buried in the Catholic cemetary on the Col de Saisies. His time of death is listed as 1445, 1 AUgust 1944, in OSS records.
10. Brunner Report, p. 2.
11. Major Peter J. Ortiz, USMCR, "Chronological Report of the Capture and Subsequent Captivity of Members of Mission Union," dated 12 May 1945. (Copy provided by Central Intelligence Agency.) Hereafter referred to as Ortiz Report. Both the Brunner and Ortiz reports were classified :Secret" until released by CIA.
12. Brunner Report, p. 4.
13. Ortiz Report, p. 2.
14. Ibid., p. 3.
15. Ibid., p. 5.
16. Lieutenant Commander Richard M. Kelly, USNR, "Spy Work Ahead," Bluebook (August, 1947), pp. 90-92. Captain Greene also became a POW. In late October 1944, he and Army Lieutenant Jack Hemmingway (Ernest Hemmingway's son) were wounded and captured during a mission beyond the American lines near Vosges. Corporal Sweeney's was unluckier still. He was Killed In Action near Mannheim, Germany, on 29 March 1945.
17. Letter, Walter W. Taylor to Head, Historical Branch Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, dated 31 May 1966. (COpy lodged in Marine Corps Historical Center Archives, Washington Navy Yard.)
18. Benis M. Frank and Henry I. Shaw, History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II (Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine COrps, 1868), Vol. V, p. 748.
19. Ortiz Report, p. 13.
20. Ibid., p. 15.
21. A copy of the complete citation is lodged in FRC Files. See also, Digest MS, p. 6. Interestingly, the story of Peter Ortiz is difficult to find in Marine Corps history. Frank and Shaw give it the best, albeit limited, treatment in their section on Marine POWs. Heinl's Soldiers of the Sea does not mention Ortiz' name, and Moskin's U.S. Marine Corps Story has only a few lines "cribbed" from the official history.
Chapter -X- "First Jed to Kill a Boche . . ."

1. Wartime Correspondence, p. 31.
2. Smith, p. 174. The direct quote comes from a speech by Ambassador Bruce to the annual dinner meeting of the Veterans of OSS, Washington, D.C., 26 May 1971.
3. Alsop and Braden, p. 141.
4. Ford, p. 233.
5. Anthony C. Brown, Bodyguard of Lies (New York: Harper, Row, 1975), p. 577.
6. Letter, Captain Francois de la Roche, USMCR, to Brigadier General E.H. Simmons, USMC (Ret), dated 10 January 1979. (Copy provided to author by Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard.) This letter--although erroneous in spots--gives some interesting aspects of the BUGATTI mission from the recollections of Captain de la Roche's father Guy, a member of the Jedburgh Team. Hereafter referred to as de la Roche letter.
7. Roote, pp. 283-84.
8. Operational Synopsis, "Team Bugatti" June-September 1944, 7 pp. This document contains the Ordre de mission for BUGATTI and a literal rendering of all significant message traffic between the team in France and the SPOC in Algiers. (Copy declassified and provided to author by U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.)
9. Letter, Horace W. Fuller to Lieutenant Colonel F.S. Robillard, USMC, dated 7 May 1941. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
10. Chronological Record of Service, FULLER, Horace Williams, USMCR, 7 pp. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
11. Letter, First Lieutenant Horace W.Fuller, USMCR, to Major General Commandant, dated 10 September 1941. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
12. Letter, Major Horace W. Fuller, USMCR, to Major Andrew Wylie, USMCR, dated 5 March 1943. (COpy lodged in FRC Files). Wylie himself is an interesting and star-crossed figure. A slightly built officer who sported a "very military" mustache, Wylie spent most of World War II as the Navy's Soviet expert. He was one of very few Americans ot visit Moscow (March-June 1944) and established links with the Russian Naval Attaché in Washington, Commodore Tegorichev. In June 1945, Wylie was selected to become the first post-war Naval Ataché to Poland--an extremely unusual posting for a Reserve Officer. Especially promoted for this assignment, he reached Warsaw in September. On 26 December 1945, Wylie and his driver were proceeding for Gydnia toward Szczecin. Because of fog and darkness, they missed a detour sign and arrived at a series of anti-tank barriers. Wylie left the car and began walking slowly in front, while the driver zig-zagged through the barbed wire and concrete obstacles. Suddenly, there was a scream and a splash. The chauffeur heard cries in English and ran toward the sound. It was then that he realized that he was on one section of a demolished bridge over the Oder River. Panicking, the driver ran to the nearest town (about 2 kilometers away), and brought back some members of the local security police. These were later joined by Russian soldiers. A night-long search was conducted without result. On 30 June 1946, a barge captain discovered a badly decomposed body lying in the weeds near Stettin. The corpse was dressed in a tattered green uniform with American buttons. in the trouser pocket was a United States diplomatic passport with the name Andrew Wylie still legible.
13. Official Orders, SO Branch, OSS London to Major Horace W. Fuller, USMCR, dated 10 January 1944. (Copy lodged in FRC Files). See also Headquarters, Parachute Unit, OSS, London Special Order 2-44 in same location.
14. Serial #14, "Bugatti Mission Report" (undated, but apparently written by Fuller during October 1944.) NO pagination is present on the original, but the complete document is 6 pages long and will be referred in terms of first page, second page, etc. (Copy declassified and provided to author by U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.) Hereafter referred to as BUGATTI Mission Report.
15. Operational Synopsis, p. 2. Message from BUGATTI to SPOC of 10 July 1944; 12 July 1944; and 13 July 1944 respectively.
16. BUGATTI Mission Report, 2nd page.
17. Operational Synopsis, p. 3. Message from BUGATTI to SPOC of 21 July 1944.
18. Ibid. p. 3. BUGATTI message to SPOC of 23 AUgust 1944.
19. BUGATTI Mission Report, 5th page.
20. Letter, Commanding Officer, OSS Detachment ETOUSA (Bruce) to Commander, Naval Forces Europe (Stark) containing proposed citation for award of the Silver Star to Lieutenant Colonel Fuller and dated 20 March 1945; Certificate of "Mention in Despatches" (3 palms for separate awards), dated 5 September 1947; and other miscellaneous documents lodged in FRC Files.
Chapter -XI- "How the Hell Did A Marine Get Here?"

1. Letter, William F. Grell to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 10 December 1942. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
2. William F. Grell, "A Marine With OSS," Marine Corps Gazette (December, 1945), p. 15.
3. Joseph E. Persico, Piercing the Reich (New York: Viking, 1979), p. 188.
4. "Marine With OSS," p. 16.
5. Ibid.
6. Activity Report, Captain William F. Grell, USMCR, OSS (SO) W.E. Section, dated 5 November 1944, p. 4. (Copy declassified and provided to author by U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.)
7. Mission Log, The GERMINAL Mission, OSS (SO) W.E. Section, undated, pp. 1-2. (Copy declassified and provided to author by U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.) This is an unusual 12-page document which provides a day-by-day synopsis of GERMINAL's activity. It was written and signed by Grell and Lt. Griffiths. The log describes GERMINAL from the time the members departed London for Tempsford aerodrome, until the mission was terminated in Paris on 8 October 1944.
8. Activity Report, Major Edwin Lord, AUS, Codename: LEONCE; Circuit: FREELANCE, dated 4 October 1944, p. 19. (Copy declassified and provided to author by U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.) This is a well-written and extremely detailed summary of FREELANCE a mission which was dropped near Montlucon in the Department of the Allier on 31 August 1944. Second Lieutenant William B. Macomber, Jr., USMCR, (codename: MEDERIC) was the weapons officer for FREELANCE.
9. Letter, Edward G. Miner to Major General Commandant, dated 14 February 1942. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
10. Memorandum, Officer Procurement Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 2 September 1943; and, Letter, Director of Strategic Services to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 3 September 1943. (Copies of both lodged in FRC Files).
11. Foote, p. 365.
12. Activity Report, Major Edwin Lord, AUS, p. 3.
13. Persico, p. 158. See also, Wesley F. Craven and James L. Cate, Army Air Forces in World War II (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), Vol. III, pp. 500-509.
14. Lord Activity Report, p. 4.
15. Activity Report, Second Lieutenant William B. Macomber,Jr., USMCR, Circuit: FREELANCE, OSS (SO) W.E.Section, dated 28 September 1944. (Copy declassified and provided to author by U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.) A nine page document which traces Macomber's participation in FREELANCE from his infiltration drop on 31 August 1944, until his return to London on 19 September 1944.
16. Ibid., p. 3.
17. "Marine With OSS," p. 17.
18. Ibid., p. 18.
19. Macomber Report, p. 5. For a detailed account of the actual mechanism of surrender by a German battalion, see Activity Report of 2ndLt Michel G. Block, AUS, OSS (SO) W.E. Section, dated 2 October 1944. (A copy declassified and released by CIA is in the author's possession.)
Chapter -XII- "One Marine . . . Eleven Hundred Germans"

1. Lieutenant Commander Richard M. Kelly, USNR, "One Against A Thousand," Bluebook (February, 1947), p. 14.
2. War Report, Vol. II, p. 110.
3. Kelly, "One Against A Thousand,", p. 17.
4. For the complete story of Popski's Private Army, see the personal memoir of its commander: Vladimir Peniakoff, Private Army (London: Johnathan Cape, 1950.) Chapter VI deals with PPA activites in Northern Italy, but Hearn is not mentioned, and Popski takes credit for Chioggia.
5. Kelly, "One Against A Thousand," p. 23.
6. Ibid.
7. Decree of the Naval Ministry of Italy with citation to accompany award of the Medaglia d'argento al Valore Militare (Silver Medal of Military Valor) to First Lieutenant George Hearn, USMCR, 2677th Regiment (Provision) OSS, dated 4 January 1946. (Copy and facsimile certificate lodged in FRC Files.
8. Kelly, "One Against A Thousand," p. 25. For a more detailed discussion of the San Marco Marines, see: Commander Marc Antonio Bragadin, The Italian Navy in World War II (Annapolis; Naval Institute Press, 1957), and War Report, Vol. II, Part III. Lieutenant Heran and the San Marco Sabotage Unit are also mentioned in Kelly's "Bionda Mission," Bluebook (April, 1947), pp. 74ff. As has been previously noted, Kelly was Commanding Officer of the OSS Maritime Unit in the Adriatic. Interestingly, the first MU commander was Marine Corps Major Russell Duncan. Duncan's service with OSS was abbreviated by a set of orders to Senior School (December 1943). Previously, he had the distinction of being one of the token "two officers and twenty enlisted Marines" sent to England for Commando training at the height of the Donovan affair discussed in Chapter 1 of this paper.
9. Letter, William J. Donovan to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 4 January 1943. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
10. War Report, Vol. II, p. 60.
11. For an excellent account of German signal intelligence activities during the war, see: Wilhelm F. Flicke, War Secrets in the Ether, (Office of Training Services, National Security Agency, 1953.) This is a translation of the original MS entitled Kriegsheimissee im Aether, which Flicke wrote shortly after the war and which was confiscated on security grounds by Army intelligence.
12. Headquarters, U.S. Forces, China THeater, General Order #250, dated 29 November 1945, Citation to accompany award of the Legion of Merit to captain Elmer Harris, USMC. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
13. Restricted Letter, Second Lieutenant Walter W.Taylor, Jr., USMCR, to Commandant of the Marine Corps, undated but apparently written in July 1945. This is a four-page synopsis of Taylor's service 2with OSS from September 1943, until his return to the United States in June 1945. Taylor states that the purpose of the letter is to describe his activities as a Marine officer since there was apparently no record in his OQR at Headquarters, Marine Corps.
14. Activity Report, Second Lieutenant Walter W. Taylor, Jr., USMCR, SI Operations Officer, Detachment "C", 2677th Regiment (Provisional) OSS, dated 25 June 1944. This document describes the LOCUST and MONTREAL missions from Corsica. (Copy declassified and provided to author by U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.)
Chapter -XIII- "Man, You Must Be Lost or Something"

1. Persico, p. 107.
2. Letter, Sidney Biddell to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 21 December 1943. (Copy lodged in FRC Files). Biddell was associate producer to Cecil B.DeMill at Paramount Pictures.
3. Letter, Frank V.Morley to Commandant of the marine Corps, dated 31 December 1943. See also: Letter, Harry M. Warner to CMC dated 6 January 1944. (Copies of both lodged in FRC Files). Harry Warner was President of Warner Brothers Picture,Inc.
4. Persico, p.109. See also: War Report, Vol. II, p. 294.
5. Who's Who in America (1978), p. 2332.
6. Persico, p. 111.
7. War Report, Vol. II, p. 295.
8. Persico, p. 264.
9. Hayden, Wanderer, p. 329.
10. Letter, Captain John A. Cade, USN(Ret), to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 12 April 1942. (Copy lodged in FRC Files). See also, Who's Who in America (1978), p. 2329.
11. Headquarters, U.S. Forces, European Theater, General Order #310, dated 16 November 1945. Citation to accompany award of the Bronze Star Medal to 2ndLt John W. Mowinckel, U.S. Marine Corps Reserve. See also: Liste des Officers Americains De l'OSS avant obtenu las Croix de Guerre Francaise, Decision #531, 17 March 1945. (Copies of both lodged in FRC Files).
12. Headquarters,Third United States Army, General Order #251, dated 15 September 1945. Citation to accompany award of the Silver Star Medal to Second Lieutenant John W. Mowinckel, U.S. Marine Corps Reserve, for gallantry in action in Austria. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
13. War Report, Vol. II, p. 287.
14. Persico, p. 161. For more details on the interesting career of Major Willis prior to his commissioning in the Marine Corps Reserve, see his personal letter to CMC, dated 28 May 1943, and Request for Assignment of Personnel, Director of Strategic Services to Commandant of the marine Corps, dated 4 June 1943. (Copies of both lodged in FRC Files). Donovan wanted Willis--who was then Vice President of Thompson Automatic Arms Corporation and its subsidiary Auto-Ordnance Corporation--so badly that he personally signed the usual bureaucratic form.
15. Ibid., p. 172.
16. Ibid., p. 209.
17. Muster Roll, Marine Barracks, London, England, report of 1 April 1945. (Microfilm copy located in Muster Roll Collection, Marine Corps Historical Center,Washington Navy Yard.) This document lists Sergeant Brunner as MIA as from 20 March 1945, and gives the aircraft type and tail number. Persico gives a good account of the CHISEL mission in Piercing the Reich, but does not mention Brunner's name. However,a telephone conversation with him on 22 February 1979 confirmed that Brunner is listed as "liaison NCO/jumpmaster" on the OSS mission report, a copy of which was declassified and provided to Persico by CIA under Freedom of Information action.
18. Fonecon,author, and Persico, 22 February 1979.
19. Who's Who in America (1978), p. 2332.
20. Ibid., p. 2329.
. Letter, Captain John Hamilton, USMCR, to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 24 July 1947. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).
Epilogue

1. Executive Order 9621, "Termination of the Office of Strategic Services and Disposition of its Functions," The White House, Washington, D.C., September20, 1945. (Copy lodged in Record Group 226, National Archives.)
2. Letter, Charles Henry Fenn to Commandant of the Marine Corps, dated 8 January 1954. (Copy lodged in FRC Files).

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