Chapter VI
Engineering

			Page
Material and Labor Required for 300 Yards of Wire Entanglement			1
Camouflage Paints			2
Daily Water Requirements			3
Thickness Required for Protection Against Single Shots by Direct-Fire Weapons			4-5
Thickness Required for Over-Head Protection Against Penetration plus Explosion			6
Thickness Required for Protection Against Penetration from Projectiles and Bombs Exploding Within 50 Feet			7
Time and Labor for Constructing Entrenchments			8
Steel Road and Landing Mats			9
Vehicle and Poster Capacities Steel Panel Fixed Bridge, Bailey Type			10
Proportions, Batch Quantities, and Unit Quantities for Concrete Mixes			11-13
Functions of Numbers			14-15
Fiber Ropes, Wire Ropes, Etc.			16
Safe Load of Hooks			17
Properties of Chains			18
Weights of Common Materials			19
Contents of Lumber in Board Feet			20
Properties of Explosives			21
Equivalents of Measure			22-24

Material and Labor Required for 300 Yards of Wire Entanglement
Type of Entanglements	Pickets			Short	400-Yd. reels	Concertinas	Staples made of 1/2-in round drift pins	Weight of material per linear yd. of entangle- ment	Man-hours to erect 300-yd. of entangle- ment
	Extra long	Long	Medium
Double-apron 4- and 2-pace		91		182	12-13			10	54
Double-apron 6- and 3-pace		61		122	11-12			7	45
High-wire (less guy wires)		181			15-18			12	72
Low-wire 4- and 2-pace			91	182	9			7.5	45
Four-strand fence		91		2	31/2-4			4	18
Double-belt concertina (pyramidal)		92		4	2	90	270	14	36
Triple-belt concertina (pyramidal)	46	92		6	3	135	270	21	90
Triple-belt Dannert concertina		146		4	2	54		15	27
1. Lower number of reels applies when screw pickets are used; higher number when U-shiped pickets are used. Add difference between these two to the larger number when wooden pickets are to be used. 2. Average weight when any issue metal pickets are used. 3. With exception of triple-belt concertina, man-hours are based on use of screw pickets. When driven pickets are used, add 20 per cent to man-hours. With experienced troops, reduce man-hours by one-third. Increase man-hours by 50 per cent for night work.

Camouflage Paints

Name	Form issued	Mix	Remarks1
Oleoresinous paint (emulsifiable)2	Paste	Cloth: 1 part of paste to 3 of solvent. Other surface: Equal parts paste and solvent. Water, gasoline, or mineral spirits are suitable solvents.	Coverage 400-600 sq. ft. per gal. on cloth, 450-750 sq. ft. per gal. on wood or painted metal.
Cold-water protein binder paint2	Powder paste	10 lb. powder to 1 gal. water. 2 parts paste to 1 part water	This paint is stocked at present but its procurement is discontinued. Coverage on cloth 200-300 sq. ft. per gal.
Gasoline-soluble paint3	Powder	9 lb. powder to 1 gal. gasoline	Coverage 500-600 sq. ft. per gal. on metal. Can be removed with gasoline.
Lusterless enamel4	Liquid	Ready-mixed. May be thinned with mineral spirits.	500-600 sq. ft. per gal. on metal.
Bituminous emulsions (pigmented3 and nonpigmented)5	Viscous liquid	1 part paint to 1 to 2 parts water.	Coverage on 2ood 300-350 sq. ft. per gala. 100 sq. ft. per gal. on earth. Surfaces coated with this paint cannot be repainted with any other type of paint.
Ready-mixed oil paint	Liquid	Ready-mixed. May be thinned with mineral spirits or gasoline.	400-475 sq. ft. per gal. on wood. 500-600 sq. ft. per gal. on metal.
Cut-back asphalt (rapid cure)5	Liquid	Thin with gasoline.	100 sq. ft. per gal. on earth.

1. Coverage figures are based upon undiluted paints.

2. Available in the following standard colors:

Light green   Sand   Earth brown   Loam   Olve drab   White
Dark green   Field-drab   Earth yellow   Earth red-Black

3. Available in O.D. only.

4. Available in O.D. and black only.

5. Available in natural (black) only.

Daily Water Requirements

Unit consumer	Conditions of use	Gallons per unit per day	Remarks
Man	In combat:       Minimum	1/2	For periods not exceeding 3 days.
	Normal	1	Drinking and cooking only.
	In bivouac	2	Minimum for all purposes.
	Temporary camp	5	Desirable for all purposes at all times (does not include bathing).
	Temporary camp with bathing facilities	15
	Semipermanent camp	30-60	Includes allowance for waterborne sewage system.
	Permanent camp	60-100
Horse, mule, or other large domestic animals	Minimum	3-5	A horse can go for 48 hours without water.
	Normal	10	Drinks from 3 to 5 gallons at a watering and requires 5 minutes to drink.
Motors (consumption per vehicle)	Level and rolling country	1/6 to 1/2	Depends on size of vehicle.
Locomotives (consumption per locomotive)	Mountainous country	1/4 to 1	Do.
	Standard military	Variable	150 gallons per train mile.
	Commercial	Variable	200 gallons per train mile.
Shower bath	Semipermanent buildings (coonsumption per fixture)	300	Depends on number of using personnel and freuqency of use.
Water closet	Do.	40	Do.
Lavatory, basin or sink	Do.	20	Do.
Urinal	Do.	49	Do.

Thickness Required for Protection Against Single Shots by Direct-Fire Weapons
Materials	Small arms and MG (7.92) fire at 100 Yds.	AT Rifle (7.92) fire at 100 Yds.	20-mm AT fire at 200 Yds.	37-mm AT fire at 400 Yds.	50-mm AT fire at 400 Yds.	75-mm direct fire 500-1000 Yds.	88-mm direct fire 500-1000 Yds.	Remarks
Solid Walls1
Brick Masonry (feet)	11/2	2	21/2	5
Concrete1 (do)	1	11/2	2	31/2	4	41/2	61/2	Ordinary concrete walls.
Concrete (reinf.)2 (do)	1/2	1	11/2	3	31/2	4	5	Structurally reinforced.
Stone masonry (do)	1	11/2	21/2	31/2	41/2	5
Wood (do)	2	3	4					These figures can be taken as guide only.
Timber (do)	3	5
Walls of Loose Materials Packed Between Boards1
Brick rubble(feet)	1	2	21/2	5	6
Clay (dry) (do)	3	4						Add 50 percent if wet.
Loam (dry) (do)	2	3	4					Add 50 percent if wet.
Gravel, small stone (do)	1	2	21/2	5	6
Sand (dry) (do)	1	2	21/2	5	6			Add 50 percent if wet.
Sandbags Filled With:3
Brick rubble (inches)	20	30	30	60	70
Clay (dry) (do)	40	60						Add 50 percent if wet.
Loam (dry) (do)	30	50	60					Add 50 percent if wet.
Gravel, small stone (do)	20	30	30	60	70
Sand (dry) (do)	20	30	30	60	70			Add 50 percent if wet.

Thickness Required for Protection Against Single Shots by Direct-Fire Weapons (cont'd.)
Materials	Small arms and MG (7.92) fire at 100 Yds.	AT Rifle (7.92) fire at 100 Yds.	20-mm AT fire at 200 Yds.	37-mm AT fire at 400 Yds.	50-mm AT fire at 400 Yds.	75-mm direct fire 500-1000 Yds.	88-mm direct fire 500-1000 Yds.	Remarks
Loose Parapets of:1
Clay (feet)	31/2	5						Add 50 percent if wet.
Laom (do)	3	4	5					Add 50 percent if wet.
Sand (do)	2	3	4					Add 50 percent if wet.
1. Thickness given to the nearest half foot. 2. For 3,000 pounds per square in ch concrete. 3. Thichness for walls made of sandbags given in multipoles of filled bag widths. (10 inches) 4. One burst of five shots. NOTE: Protective thickness given is for a single shot only. Where direct-fire wseapons are able to get five or six hits in the same area, the required protective thickness is approximatley twice that indicated.

Required Thickness in Feet of Overhead Cover for Protection Against Penetration plus Explosion

Protective material	High-explosive shell			General-Purpose bombs
	75-mm	105-mm	155-mm	100-lb.	250-lb.	500-lb.
Reinforced concrete (4,000 lb./sq. in.)	11/2	21/2	31/2	31/2	41/2	6
Stone masonry or plain concrete	2	31/2	5	6	8	91/2
Logs, 8-inch minimum diameter wired	3	5	7	7	9	12
Crushed stone	4	7	9	9	12	16
Tamped earth	8	14	18	18	24	32

Thickness of Materials Required to Protect Against Penetration of Fragments From Projectiles and Bombs Exploding at a Distance of 50 Feet. Thicknesses listed in table will give protection at 25 feet except in rare cases.
Material	Thickness measured in--	High-explosive shell			General-purpose bombs
		75-mm	105-mm	155-mm	100- pound	250- pound	500- pound	1000- pound
Solid walls	Inches
Brick masonry	"	8	13	17	8	10	13	17
Concrete (plain)	"	8	15	18	9	12	15	18
Concrete (reinforced)	"	7	12	15	7	9	12	15
Timber	"	12	20	24	12	15	20	26
Walls of loose material packed bewteen boards:	Inches
Brick rubble	"	15	24	30	16	20	24	30
Gravel, small stones	"	15	24	30	16	20	24	30
Earth	"	20	30	36	20	24	28	36
Sandbags will with:1	Inches
Brick rubble	"	20	30	30	20	20	30	30
Gravel, small stones	"	20	30	30	20	20	30	30
Sand	"	20	30	30	20	30	40	40
Parapets of:2	Feet
Sand (dry)	"	2	3	3	2	3	4	4
Earth (dry)	"	2	3	4	3	4	4	5
1. Figurees given in multiples of width or thickness of sandbags. 2. Figures given to nearest 1/2 foot.

Time and Labor for Constructing Entrenchments*
Type of Emplacement	Excavation (cu.ft.)	Numbmer of men working	Approximate time (hours)
Shallow connecting Trench (10-yd Section)	150	6	1
Standard Trench, (10-yd. Sec. with one fire pos.)	515	6	61/2
Special Trench (2-yd. Sec.)	45	1	21/2
One-Man Foxhole	35	1	11/2
Two-Man Foxhole	60	2	21/2
Prone Shelter	21/2	1	1
* Standard tools, average soil

Steel Road and Landing Mats
a. Characteristics and comparison of steel landing mats.
Type	Pierced Plank	Heavy Bar and rod	Irving grid	Light Bar and rod	Sommerfeld
Weight (lb. per sq. ft.)	5.11	3.90	5.56	1.90	1.16
Unit weight and dimensions:
Length	10'0"	12'0"	12'6"	12'0"	75'0"
Width	1'3"	3'0"	1'105/16"	3'0"	10'41/2"
Depth	7/8"	1"	1"	3/4"	1/2"
Area covered (sq. ft.)	12.5	36.0	23.24	36.0	778.12
Weight (lb.) including accessories	63.86	140.4	129.24	68.4	935
Bundles:
Number and type of units	30 planks*	14 panels	16 panels	30 panels	1 roll
Weight (lb.) including accessories	1,928	1,966	2,076.6	2,052	935
Quantity for runway, 5,000 x 150:
Number of units	60,000	20,833	32,269	20,833	964
Total weight (tons)	1,928	1,465	2,084.9	712.5	440.34
Cargo Space (cu. ft.)	32,084	81,222	75,092	59,084	36,111
Average laying speed (sq. ft. per man hr.)	125	65	65	125	175
Comparative camouflage potentialities	30% open area	85% open area	85% open area	90% open area	95% open area
* Breaks down into six subbundles of five each. One subbundle contains two 5-foot half panels and 4 full panels.

Vehicle	Wt Class Tons	SS			DS							TS							DD							TD
		Span of Bridge In Feet
		60	50	30	120	110	100	80	60	50	40	140	130	120	110	90	80	70	160	150	140	130	110	100	90	180	170	160	150	130	120	110
		Posted Capacity in Tons
		28	35	45	16	20	23	33	50	60	70	18	22	25	30	41	48	60	21	25	30	35	45	53	61	19	23	29	35	49	57	65
Truck, 11/2-T, w/1 T tlr	6
Truck, 11/2-T, w/105mm How	6
Tractor d-4 w/dozer	7
Car armored light, M8	8
Truck 21/2-T w/1 T tlr	9
Truck 21/2-T w/105mm How	9
Car half-track M2	9
Other vehicles under 10-T
Grader med mtzd (Engr)	11
Truck 4-T wrecker	11
Tank light M2A4	12
Truck, 21/2-T w/155mm How carr M1	11
Crane trk-mtd (Engr)	12
Truck 4-T cargo (same as distributor water)	13
Truck 4-T ponton	13
Tank light M3	14
Trk tractor 4-5T w/semi-atlr fuel serv F-2(AC)	12
Tractor D-7 w/dozer	15
Truck wrecking C-1 (AC)	16
Tank light M5	16
Trk-tractor 5-6T w/semi-tlr ponton	14
Motor carriage M8	16
H-10 Loading (ASSBO)
Truck 6-T cargo	18
Crane trk-mtd, w/crane attachments tlr	15
Truck 4-T w/155mm How carr M1	16
Tank light 18-T	18
Truck 6-T bridge	19
Truck 21/2-T w/8 T tlr	17
Tank medium M2A1	21
Truck 71/2-T cargo & prime mover	21
Tractor D-4 w/dozer	22
Truck 4-T cargo w/8 T tlr	20
Truck 6-T w/3-in AA M2A2	22
Truck 6-T w/90mm AA M1	23
Motor carriage M7	24
Trk-tractor 6-T w/semi-tlr wrecking C-2 E-16 loading	26
Motor carriage M12	27
Motor carriage M10	29
Trk-tractor 71/2-T w/semi-tlr fuel serv F-1 (AC)	26
Truck 71/2-T w/155mm gun carr M2 & M3	28
Trk-tractor 5-6T w/20-T semi-tlr	32
Truck 6-T w/16-T tlr	31
Tank medium M3	33
Tank medium M4	34
H-20 loading
Truck 71/2-T w/8-in gun carr M2 transp M1	34
Truck 6-T w/20-T tlr	37
Truck 71/2-T w/20-T tlr	39
Tank assault T-14	46
Tank, heavy M6	60

Proportions, Batch Quantities, and Unit Quantities for Concrete Mixes
Maximum size of course aggre- gate	Water- cement ratio: U.S. gal. Per Sack	Slump: inches	Proportions by volume, dry compacted			Materials for 1 batch in 14 cu.ft. mixer, assuming average damp materials				Yield: cu.ft. of concrete per 1-sack batch	Cement 94 lb. sacks	Unit quantities of materials for 1 cubic yard of concrete
						Water: U.S. Gal.	Cement 94 lb Sacks	Fine aggre- gate cu.ft.	Coarse aggre- gate cu.ft.			Weight Fine aggre- gate (tons)	(damp) Coarse aggre- gate (tons)	Volume Fine aggre- gate (cu.yd.)	(damp-loose) Coarse aggre- gate (cu.yd.)
1*	5     51/2     6     61/2     7     8	1/2-1 3-4 5-7 1/2-1 3-4 5-7 1/2-1 3-4 5-7 1/2-1 3-4 5-7 1/2-1 3-4 5-7 1/2-1 3-4 5-7	1   1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1	2.0 1.7 1.4 2.2 1.9 1.6 2.5 2.2 1.9 2.8 2.5 2.2 3.0 2.7 2.4 3.4 3.1 2.8	3.1 2.5 2.0 3.4 2.9 2.3 3.6 3.4 2.4 4.1 3.7 3.3 4.3 4.0 3.6 4.9 4.7 4.0	9.7 14.1 15.2 10.7 11.5 16.4 11.4 12.2 13.1   8.1 13.1 13.7   8.8   9.3 14.7 10.2 10.5 11.0	3 4 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2	6.1 7.2 5.7 6.9 5.8 6.8 7.9 6.9 5.8 5.8 7.6 6.9 6.3 5.5 7.6 7.0 6.5 8.3	8.9   9.3   7.6   9.5   8.3   8.9 10.8   9.6   8.0   7.9 10.5   9.6   8.3   7.6 10.2   9.4   8.9   8.3	4.07 3.56 3.11 4.40 3.95 3.50 4.92 4.47 3.95 5.32 4.86 4.54 5.63 5.24 4.86 6.29 6.04 5.64	6.64 7.59 8.68 6.14 6.83 7.71 5.48 6.03 6.83 5.07 5.55 5.95 4.80 5.15 5.55 4.30 4.47 4.79	0.65 0.63 0.60 0.66 0.64 0.60 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.70 0.68 0.65 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.72 0.68 0.66	0.99 0.91 0.83 1.00 0.95 0.85 1.00 0.98 0.92 1.00 0.98 0.92 1.00 0.98 0.94 1.00 0.99 0.96	0.51 0.49 0.47 0.51 0.50 0.47 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.54 0.53 0.50 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.56 0.53 0.51	0.73 0.67 0.61 0.73 0.70 0.62 0.73 0.72 0.67 0.73 0.72 0.69 0.73 0.72 0.70 0.74 0.74 0.74
	5     51/2	1/2-1 3-4 5-7 1/2-1 5 7	1 1 1 1 1 1	2.0 1.7 1.4 2.3 2.0 1.7	3.7 3.0 2.5 3.0 3.4 2.9	9.3 10.2 14.8 10.1 11.1 11.7	3 3 4 3 3 3	6.1 5.4 5.7 7.2 6.1 5.4	10.5   8.6   9.3 11.1   9.6   8.3	4.40 3.88 3.36 4.79 4.30 3.88	6.13 6.96 8.00 5.64 6.28 6.96	0.60 0.58 0.55 0.64 0.61 0.58	1.06 1.00 0.96 1.06 1.03 0.97	0.47 0.45 0.43 0.50 0.47 0.45	0.78 0.73 0.70 0.70 0.78 0.71

Proportions, batches, etc. (cont'd)

**Example: Assuma a mix with water-cement ratio of 8.0 and dry-compacted proportions 1 to 2.9 to 4.4. The damp loose proportions are 1 to 2.9 X 1.20 to 4.4 X 1.06 w 1 to 3.5 to 4.7. Free moisture carried by agregate is 1/2 X 3.5 + 1/4 X 4.7 = 2.9 gallons. The net water to be added at the mixer is 8.0 - 2.9 = 5.1 gallons. A two-sack batch of this mix would require: 2 X 5.1 = 10.2 gallons of water added at the mixer 2 X 1    = 2 sackks of cement 2 X 3.5 = 7.0 cubic feet of damp-loose sand 2 X 4.7 = 9.4 cubic feet of damp-loose gravel Batch quantities for each mix are shown for whole numbers of sacks of cement to give a batch volume not greater than 14 cubic feet. Unit quantities based on following assumptions: moderately wet sand carrying 4 percent moisture by weight (1/2 gallon per cubic foot) with damp=loose volume 1.20 times dry-compacted volume; moist gravel carrying 2 percent moisture by weight (1/4 gallon per cubic foot) with damp-loose volume 1.06 times dry-compacted volume. To estimate quantities for a particular job, multiply unit quantities by the total volume in cubic yards of concrete to be placed, and add about 5 percent to cover unavoidable loss and waste. ***Example: 120 cubic yards of concrete are to be placed using a 1 to 2.3 to 3.6 mix (by dry-compacted volume), water-cement ratio 7 gallons per sack, and 1-inch maximum size aggregate. Estimate of quantites of materials needed with a 5 percent margine for unavoidable loss and waste is: a. By volume: Material Concrete to be placed   Allowance for waste   Unit quantity from table   Quantity needed cement: 120 X 1.05 X 5.15 = 649 sacks (162 barrels) fine aggregate (sand): 120 X 1.05 X 0.53 = 67 cubic yards (damp-loose) coarse aggregate (gravel): 120 X 1.05 X 0.72 = 91 cubic yards (damp-loose) b. By weight: cement: 120 X 1.05 X 5.15 = 649 sacks at 94 pounds each--61,000 pounds or 30.5 tons fine aggregate (sand): 120 X 1.05 X 0.68 = 86 tons (damp) coarse aggregate (gravel): 120 X 1.05 X 0.99 = 125 tons (damp)

Proportions, batches, (cont'd.)

2	6     61/2     7     8	1/2-1 3-4 5-7 1/2-1 3-4 5-7 1/2-1 3-4 5-7 1/2-1 3-4 5-7	1  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1	2.6 2.2 2.0 2.8 2.5 2.2 3.0 2.7 2.4 3.4 3.1 2.8	4.4 3.8 3.4 4.7 4.2 3.8 5.0 4.5 4.1 5.5 5.1 4.6	1  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1	2.2 1.9 1.7 2.4 2.1 1.9 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.9 2.7 2.4	3.9 3.4 3.0 4.2 3.8 3.4 4.5 4.0 3.7 4.9 4.6 4.1	2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2	5.3 6.9 6.1 5.8 5.1 6.9 6.3 5.5 5.1 7.0 6.5 5,8	8.3 10.8   9.6   8.9   8.1 10.8   9.5   8.5   7.9 10.4   9.8   8.7	5.24 4.73 4.34 5.64 5.18 4.80 6.03 5.51 5.18 6.62 6.29 5.77	5.15 5.70 6.22 4.80 5.21 5.62 4.48 4.90 5.21 4.07 4.30 4.68	0.65 0.62 0.61 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.68 0.65 0.64	1.06 1.04 1.01 1.07 1.05 1.03 1.07 1.05 1.03 1.07 1.05 1.03	0.51 0.48 0.47 0.51 0.50 0,47 0.51 0,50 0,47 0.53 0.51 0.50	0.78 0.76 0.74 0.79 0.77 0.76 0.79 0.77 0.76 0.78 0.78 0.75
1Proportions in table are computed using average values. They are intended as a guide for first trial mix. Aggregation proportions should be adjusted thereafter to give the desired workability (slump) without changing the water-cement ratio. *Example: A two-sack batch using 1-inch maximum size aggregate, water-cement ratio 7 gallosn per sack, slump 3 to 4 inches, and dry-compacted volumetric porportions of 1:2:3:3:6 is selected for trial. It turns out to be too wet (large slump) and appears to be oversanded. Investigation shows moisture content of aggregate about as shown in paragraph 132e: A percent and 2 percent by weight respctively in fine and course aggregates. To adjust this mix, first increase amount of coarse aggregate with a corresponding decrease in added water, thus economizing on cement and tending to correct oversanded condition. Batch quantities from table are: water       9.3 gallons cement       2.0 sacks fine aggregate       5.5 cu. ft. (damp-loose) coarse aggregate       7.6 cu. ft. (damp-loose) Supporse coarse aggregate for second trial is increased 0.4 from 7.6 to 8.0 cubic feet (damp-loose.) Adding .04 cubic feet coarse aggregate that carries 1/4 gallon free water per cubic foot (par. 132e) introduces 1/4 X 0.4 or 0.1 gallon extra water. Adjusted batch quantites for second trail then are: water (9.3-0.1)       9.2 gallons cement       2.0 sacks fine aggregate       5.5 cu. ft. (damp-loose) coarse aggregate       8.0 cu. ft. (damp-loose) 2Batch quantities based on following assumptions: moderately wet and carrying 1/2 gallon of free moisture per cubic foot with damp-loose volume 1.20 times dry-compacted volume; most gravel carrying 1/4 gallon of free moisture per cubic foot with damp-loose volume 1.06 times dry-compacted volume. Water quantites have been adjusted for moisture carried by aggregate. Amount shown is to be added to the mixer.

Functions of Numbers

Number	Square	Cube	Square root	Logarithm	Number	Square	Cube	Square root	Logarithm
1	1	1	1.0000	0.00000	26	676	17576	5.0990	1.41497
2	4	8	1.4142	0.30103	27	729	19683	5.1962	1.63136
3	9	27	1.7321	0.47712	28	784	21952	5.2915	1.44716
4	16	64	2.0000	0.60206	29	841	24389	5.3852	1.46240
5	25	125	2.2361	0.69897	30	900	27000	5.4772	1.47712
6	36	216	2.4495	0.77815	31	961	29791	5.5678	1.49136
7	49	343	2.6458	0.84510	32	1024	32768	5.6569	1.50515
8	64	512	2.8284	0.95424	34	1156	39304	5.8310	1.53148
9	81	729	3.0000	0.95424	34	1156	39304	5.8310	1.53148
10	100	1000	3.1623	1.00000	35	1225	42875	5.9161	1.54407
11	121	1331	3.3166	1.04139	36	1296	46656	6.0000	1.55630
12	144	1728	3.1641	1.07918	37	1369	50653	6.0828	1.56820
13	169	2197	3.6056	1.11394	38	1444	54872	6.1644	1.57978
14	196	2744	3.7417	1.14613	39	1521	59319	6.2450	1.59106
15	225	3375	3.8730	1.17609	40	1600	64000	6.3246	1.60206
16	256	4096	4.0000	1.20412	41	1681	68921	6.4031	1.61278
17	289	4913	4.1231	1.23045	42	1764	74088	6.4807	1.62325
18	324	5832	4.2426	1.25527	43	1849	79507	6.5574	1.63347
19	361	6859	4.3589	1.27875	44	1936	85184	6.6332	1.64345
20	400	8000	4.4721	1.30103	45	2025	91125	6.7082	1.65321
21	441	9261	4.5826	1.3222	46	2116	97336	6.7823	1.66276
22	484	10648	4.6904	1.34242	47	2209	103823	6.8557	1.67210
23	529	12167	4.7958	1.36173	48	2304	110592	6.9282	1.68124
24	576	13824	4.8990	1.38021	49	2401	117649	7.0000	1.69020
25	625	15625	5.0000	1.39794	50	2500	125000	7.0711	1.69897

Functions of Numbers (cont'd)

Number	Square	Cube	Square root	Logarithm	Number	Square	Cube	Square root	Logarithm
51	2601	132651	7.1414	1.70757	76	5776	438976	8.7178	1.88081
52	2704	140608	7.2111	1.71600	77	5929	456533	8.7178	1.88081
53	2809	148877	7.2801	1.72428	78	6084	474552	8.8318	1.89209
54	2916	157464	7.3485	1.73239	79	6241	493039	8.8882	1.89763
55	3025	166375	7.4162	1.74036	80	6400	512000	8.9443	1.90309
56	3136	175616	7.4833	1.74819	81	6561	531441	9.0000	1.90984
57	3249	185193	7.5490	1.75587	82	6724	551368	9.0554	1.91381
58	3364	195112	7.6158	1.76343	83	6889	571787	9.1104	1.91908
59	3481	205379	7.6811	1.77085	84	7056	592704	9.1652	1.92428
60	3600	216000	7.7460	1.77815	85	7225	614125	9.2195	1.92942
61	3724	2226981	7.8102	1.78533	86	7396	636056	.2736	1.93450
62	3844	238328	7.8740	1.79239	87	7569	658503	9.3274	1.93952
63	3969	250047	7.9373	1.79934	88	7744	681472	9.3808	1.94448
64	4096	262144	8.0000	1.80618	89	7921	704969	9.4340	1.94939
65	4225	274625	8.0623	1.81291	90	8100	729000	9.4868	1.95424
66	4356	287496	8.1240	1.81954	91	8281	755371	9.5394	1.95904
67	4489	300763	8.1854	1.82607	92	8464	778688	9.5917	1.96379
68	4624	314432	8.2462	1.83251	93	8649	80357	9.6437	1.96848
69	4761	328509	8.3066	1.83885	94	8836	830584	9.6954	1.97313
70	4900	343000	8.3666	1.84510	95	9205	857375	9.7468	1.97772
71	5041	357911	8.4261	1.85126	96	9216	884736	9.7980	1.98227
72	5184	373248	8.4853	1.87533	97	9409	912673	9.8489	1.96677
73	5239	389017	8.5480	1.86332	98	9604	941102	9.8995	1.99123
74	5476	405224	8.6023	1.86923	99	9801	970299	9.9499	1.99564
75	5625	421875	8.6603	1.87506	100	10000	1000000	10.0000	2.00000

Fiber Ropes, Wire Ropes, Etc.

Fiber Ropes, Wire Ropes, and Chains,1a. Properties of rope.
Diameter (inches)	Weight per 100 feet (pounds)		Minimum breaking strength (pounds)		Safe load capacity (pounds)
	Wire rope	Fiber rope	Wire rope (Plain steel)	Fiber rope	Wire rope Safety factor of 2	Fiber rope Safety factor of 4
3/8	23	3.45	11,000	1,020	5,500	260
1/2	40	7.36	13,800	2,180	9,400	530
5/8	63	13.10	28,800	3,520	14,400	880
3/4	90	16.40	41,200	4,320	20,600	1,080
7/8	183	22.00	56,000	6,160	28,000	1,540
1	160	26.50	73,000	7,200	36,500	1,800
1-1/8	203	35.20	92,000	9,600	46,000	2,400
1-1/4	250	40.80	113,000	10,800	56,500	2,700
1-1/2	360	58.80	161,0000	14,800	80,500	3,700
1-3/4		87.70		21,2000		5,300
2		105.00		24,800		6,200

¹ Rules of thumb. Safe working stress may be approximated by the following formulas:

(1)	Fiber rope:	T=D2
(2)	Wire rope:	T=5D2
(3)	Chain:	T=5D2

T is safe working stress in tons. D is diameter in inches. For chain, D is the diameter of metal on one side of link.

² Data is for sisal rope.

Safe Load of Hooks

Diameter of metal (inches)	Inside diameter of eye (inches)	Width of opening (inches)	Safe load (pounds)
5/8	3/4	1	1,000
11/16	7/8	1-1/16	1,200
3/4	1	1-1/8	1,400
7/8	1-1/8	1-1/4	2,400
1	1-1/4	1-3/8	3,400
1-1/8	1-3/8	1-1/2	4,200
1-1/4	1-1/2	1-11/16	5,000
1-3/8	1-5/8	1-7/8	6,000
1-1/2	1-3/4	2-1/16	8,000
1-5/8	2	2-1/4	9,400
1-7/8	2-3/8	2-1/2	11,000
2-1/4	2-3/4	3	13,600
2-5/8	3-1/8	3-3/8	17,000
3	3-1/2	4	24,000

Properties of Chains

Normal size (inches)	Approximate weight per 100 feet (pounds)	Safe working load
		Common iron (pounds)	High-grade iron (pounds)	Soft steel (pounds)	Special steel (pounds
3/8	160	2,700	2,980	3,300	6,400
7/16	210	3,460	3,800	4,360	8,300
1/2	280	4,500	4,960	5,260	10,500
5/8	430	6,940	7,620	8,460	15,200
3/4	630	10,140	11,160	12,000	21,000
7/8	840	14,000	15,400	16,500	28,660
1	1,100	18,600	20,460	21,200	36,400

Sling Load Chart

Weights of Common Materials

Material	Weight in lb. per cu. ft.		Material	Weight in lb. per cu. ft.
Aluminum1			Ice	56
Cast	160		Iron:
Wire	168		Gray cast	439-445
Asphalt	69-44		Wrought	487-492
Brass	510-542		Lead	710
Brick	510-542		Lime	53-75
Bronze	545-555		Masonry:
Coal:			Mortar rubble	155
Anthracite	97		Dry rubble	125
Bituminous	84		Rock, Solid:
Concrete:			Granite	125-187
Reinforced	150		Shale	162
Plain	140-150		Soapstone	162-175
Copper, cast	549-558		Trap	187-190
Earth:			Salt	129-131
Clay:			Snow:
Dry, compacted	100		Fresh fallen	5-12
Damp, plastic	110		Wet, compact	15-20
Common:			Steel	474-494
Dry, loose	65-88		Tar	75
Moist, compacted	100		Tin	455
Mud, wet:			Water:
Fluid	104-120		Fresh	62.4
Compacted	110-130		Sea	64.0
Sand:			Zinc	438
Dry, compacted	110		Petroleum products	lb. per gal.
Damp, loose	94		Asphalt cement	8.45
Gravel, crushed rock:			Liquid asphalt	8.30
damp loose	82-125		Gasoline	5.62
Dry, compacted	90-145		Oil, lubricating	6.69

Contents of Lumber in Board Feet

Size of piece (inches)	Length of piece (feet)
	10	12	14	16	18	20	22	24
2 by 4	6-2/3	8	9-1/3	10-2/3	12	13-1/2	14-2/3	16
2 by 6	10	12	14	16	18	20	22	24
2 by 8	13-1/2	16	18-2/3	21-1/3	24	26-2/3	29-1/3	32
2 by 10	16-2/3	20	23-1/3	26-2/3	30	33-1/3	36-2/3	40
2 x 12	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48
2 by 14	23-1/3	28	32-1/3	37-1/3	42	46-2/3	51-1/3	56
2 by 16	26-2/3	32	37-2/3	42-2/3	48	53-1/3	58-2/3	64
3 by 6	15	18	21	24	27	30	33	36
3 by 8	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48
3 by 10	25	30	35	40	45	50	55	60
3 by 12	30	36	42	48	54	60	66	72
3 by 14	35	42	49	56	63	70	77	84
3 by 16	40	48	56	64	72	80	88	96
4 by 4	13-1/3	16	18-2/3	21-1/3	24	26-2/3	29-1/3	32
4 by 6	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48
4 by 8	26-2/3	32	37-1/3	42-2/3	48	53-1/3	58-2/3	64
4 by 10	33-1/3	40	46-2/3	53-1/3	60	66-2/3	73-1/3	80
4 by 12	40	48	56	64	72	80	88	96
4 by 14	46-2/3	56	65-1/3	74-2/3	84	93-1/3	102-2/3	112
4 by 16	53-1/3	64	74-2/3	85-1/3	96	106-2/3	117-1/3	128
6 by 6	30	36	42	48	54	60	66	72
6 by 8	40	48	56	64	72	80	88	96
6 by 10	50	60	70	80	90	100	110	120
6 by 12	60	72	84	96	108	120	132	144
6 by 14	70	84	98	112	126	140	154	168
6 by 16	80	96	112	128	144	160	176	192
6 by 18	90	108	126	144	162	180	198	216
6 by 20	100	120	140	160	180	200	220	240
8 by 8	53-2/3	64	74-2/3	85-1/3	96	106-2/3	117-1/3	128
8 by 10	66-2/3	80	93-1/3	106-2/3	120	133-1/3	146-2/3	160
8 by 12	80	96	112	128	144	160	176	192
8 by 14	93-1/3	112	130-2/3	149-1/3	168	186-2/3	205-1/3	224
10 by 10	83-1/3	100	116-2/3	133-1/3	150	166-2/3	183-1/3	200
10 by 12	100	120	140	160	180	200	220	240
10 by 14	116-2/3	140	163-1/3	186-2/3	210	233-1/3	256-2/3	280
10 by 16	133-1/3	160	186-2/3	213-1/3	240	266-2/3	293-1/3	320
12 by 12	120	144	168	192	216	240	264	288
12 by 14	140	168	196	224	252	280	308	336
12 by 16	160	192	224	256	288	320	352	384
14 by 14	163-1/3	196	228-2/3	261-1/3	294	326-2/3	359-1/3	392
14 by 16	186-2/3	224	261-1/3	293-2/3	336	373-1/3	410-2/3	448

Properties of Explosives
Explosive	Relative strength (by weight)	Detonation by--
TNT	1.00	Issue cap.
Ammonium nitrate (cratering charge)	1.25	Issue cap.
Nitrostarch	.90	Issue cap.
Composition C	1.35	Two issue caps.
Composition C-2	1.35	Issue cap.
Chain demolition block, M 1	1.20	Issue cap.
Demolition block, M 2	1.20	Issue cap.
Guncotton, wet*	.95
Ammonal*	1.25
Dynamite, straight, 50 percent	1.00	No. 6 commercial blasting cap.
Dynamite, gelatin, 60 percent	1.00	No. 6 commercial blasting cap.
Dynamite, ammonia (extra), 50 percent	1.00	No. 6 commercial blasting cap.
Blasting gelatin	1.90	No. 6 commercial blasting cap. (large charges must be primed).
Gunpowder	.33	Flame
Cord, detonation, PETW		No. 6 commercial blasting cap.
* British standard explosive. Detonation by British special primer requiring No. 8 commercial blastingn cap. All U.S. military explosives, except composition C, can be detonated by the issue cap. Tubular values give minimum strength cap that should be used.

Equivalents of Measure

a. Lengths

Meters, m	Inches, in.	Feet, ft.	Yard, yd.	Rods, r.	Chains, ch.	Miles, U.S.		Kilometers, km.
						Statue	Nautical
1	39.37	3.28083	1.09361	0.19884	0.04971	0.0006214	0.0005396	0.001
0.02540	1	0.08333	0.02778	0.005061	0.001263	0.00001678	0.00001371	0.00002540
0.30480	12	1	0.33333	0.06061	0.01515	0.0001894	0.0001646	0.0003048
0.91440	36	3	1	0.18192	0.04545	0.0005682	0.0004934	0.0009144
5.02921	196	16.5	5.5	1	0.25	0.003125	0.002714	0.005029
20.1168	792	66	22	44	1	0.01250	0.01058	0.02012
1609.35	63360	5280	1760	320	80	1	0.86839	1.60956
1853.25	72962.6	6080.20	2026.73	368.497	92.1243	1.16155	1	1.85326
1000	39370	3280.83	1093.61	198.836	409.7096	0.62137	0.53959	1

* 1 meter (m) = 10 decimeters (dm) = 100 centimeters (cm) = 1,000 millimeters (mm).

 

b. Surface and areas.

Sq.Meters m2	Sq.Inches sq. in.	Sq.Feet sq. ft.	Sq.Yards sq. yd.	Sq. Rods sq. r.	Acres A	Hectares ha.	Sq.Miles Statute	Sq.Kilometers km2
1	1550.00	10.7639	1.19599	0.03954	0.0002471	0.0001	0.0000003861	0.0000001
0.0006452	1	0.006944	0.0007716	0.00002551	0.0000001594	0.00000006452	0.0000000002491	0.0000000006482
0.09290	144	1	0.11111	0.003673	0.00002296	0.000009290	0.00000003587	0.00000009290
0.83613	1296	9	1	0.03306	0.0002066	0.00008361	0.0000003228	0.0000008361
25.2930	39204	272.26	30.25	1	0.00625	0.0002529	0.000009766	0.00002529
4046.87	6272640	43660	4840	160	1	0.40469	0.001563	0.004047
10000	15499969	107639	11959.9	395.366	2.47104	1	0.003861	0.01
2589999	...	27878400	3097600	102400	640	259.000	1	2.59000
1000000	...	10763867	1195985	39536.6	247.104	100	0.38610	1

Equivalents of Measure

c. Volume and capacity

Cubic Decimeters, dm3 or Liters, l.	Cubic Inches, cu. in.	Cubic Feet cu. ft.	Cubic Yards, cu. yd.	U.S. Quarts		U.S. Gallons		U.S. Bushels bu.
				Liquid, l. qt.	Dry, d. qt.	Liquid, l. gal.	Dry, d. gal.
1	61.0234	0.03531	0.001308	1.06888	0.90808	0.26417	0.22702	0.02836
0.01639	1	0.0005787	0.00002143	0.01732	0.01488	0.004329	0.3000720	0.004650
28.3170	1728	1	0.03704	29.9221	25.7140	7.48055	6.42851	0.80356
764.559	46656	27	1	807.896	694.279	201.974	173.570	21.6962
0.94636	67.75	0.03342	0.001238	1	0.85937	0.25	0.21484	0.02686
1.10123	67.2006	0.03889	0.001440	1.16365	1	0.29091	0.25	0.3125
3.78543	231	0.13368	0.0024951	4	3.43747	1	0.85937	0.10742
35.2393	2150.42	1.24446	0.04609	37.2368	32	9.30920	8	1

U.S. dry measure: 1 bushel = 4 pecks = 8 gallons = 32 quarts = 64 pints.
U.S. liquid measure: 1 gallon = 4 1uarts = 8 pints = 32 gills = 128 fluid ouncess.
1 U.S. gallon = 0.83268 Imperial gallon.

d. Masses and weights.

Kilograms kg.	Grains, Gr.	Ounces		Pounds		Tons		Metric, 1000 kg.
		Troy, oz. t.	Avoir., oz. av.	Troy, lb. t.	Avoir., lb. av.	Net, (Short), 2000 lbs.	Gross, (Long), 2240 lbs.
1	15432.4	32.1507	35.2740	2.67923	2.20462	0.001102	0.0009842	0.001
0.00006840	1	0.002083	0.0002296	0.0001736	0.0001429	0.00000007143	0.00000006378	0.00000006480
0.03110	480	1	1.09714	0.08333	0.06857	0.00003429	0.00003061	0.00003110
0.02835	437.5	0.91146	1	0.07596	0.06250	0.00003125	0.00002790	0.00002835
0.37324	5760	12	13.1657	1	0.82286	0.0004114	0.0003674	0.0003752
0.45359	7000	14.5833	16	1.21528	1	0.00050	0.0004464	0.0004536
907.185	14000000	29166.7	32000	2430.56	2000	1	0.89286	0.90719
1016.06	16880000	32666.7	35840	2722.22	2240	1.12	1	1.01605
1000	15432356	32150.7	25274.0	2679.23	2204.62	1.10231	0.98421	1

1 long hundredweight (cwt.) = 1/20 long ton = 4 quarters = 8 stone = 112 lbs. = 50.8024 kg.

Equivalents of Measure

e. Forces on weights per units of area (pressure)

Kilograms per Sq. Centimeter, kg/cm2	Pounds per Sq. Inch> lb./in.2	Pounds per Sq. Foot lb./ft.2	Net Tons, (2000 lbs) per Sq. Foot	Atmosphere, Standard, 760mm	Columns of Mercury (Hg) 13,59593 Sp.G.		Columns of Water Max. Density 4° C
					Millimeters	Inches	Meters	Feet
1	14.2234	2048.17	1.02408	0.96778	735.514	28.9572	10	32.8083
0.07031	1	144	0.07200	0.06804	51.7116	2.03588	0.70307	2.30665
0.0004882	0.006944	1	0.00050	0.0004725	0.35911	0.01414	0.004882	0.01602
0.97648	13.8889	2000	1	0.94502	718.216	28.2762	9.76482	32.0367
1.03329	14.6959	2116.35	1.05818	1	760	29.9212	10.3329	33.9006
0.001360	0.01934	2.78468	1.001392	0.001316	1	0.03937	0.01360	0.04461
0.03453	0.49119	70.7310	0.03537	0.03342	25.4001	1	0.34534	1.13299
0.10	1.42234	204.817	0.10241	0.09678	73.5514	8.89572	1	3.28083
0.03048	0.43353	2.4283	0.03121	0.02950	22.4185	0.88262	0.30480	1

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