Chapter VII
Regulations, Maneuver Rules, and Umpire Instructions
for Joint Army and Navy Exercises

Contents

Para- graph	Subject	Page
	Section I--Introduction
111	Object of joint exercise	115
112	Classes of joint exercises	115
	Section II--Regulations
113	Instructions for joint exercises	115
114	Designation of forces engaged	117
115	Problems of joint exercises	811
116	Conduct of joint exercises	119
117	Communication between umpires	120
118	Critique	121
119	Reports	121
	Section III--Maneuver Rules
120	Distinguishing marks	122
121	Simulation of fire	122
	Section IV--Umpire Instructions
122	General duties of umpires	123
123	Umpires' decisions	124
124	Journal of events	125

[B L A N K]

Section I
Introduction

111. Object of joint exercises.--The object of joint exercises is to train Army and Navy forces in joint operations and to test existing joint war plans, Army and Navy war plans predicated thereon, the sufficiency of means provided for the defense of various localities, and the adequacy of plans for their employment, under conditions as closely approximating those of war as possible.

112. Classes of joint exercises.

     1. Joint Army and Navy exercises are divided into two classes-

        1. Grand joint exercises, and

        2. Minor joint exercises.

     2. Grand joint exercises are joint exercises that involve the United States Fleet as a whole or one or more of its major subdivisions and equivalent Army forces, and which require Joint Board coordination.

     3. Minor joint exercises are joint exercises other than grand joint exercises.

Section II
Regulations

113. Instructions for joint exercises.

     1. Prior to the commencement of a grand joint exercise.

        1. The Joint Board shall formulate such general instructions as are necessary to assure adequate and properly coordination

action, both in preparing for and in conducting the grand joint exercise. Any question arising in connection with the foregoing instructions that requires interpretation, amplification, or modification shall be referred to The Joint Board for decision. Copies of these instructions sufficient in number for all Army and Navy forces and agencies concerned shall be furnished by The Joint Board to the War and Navy Departments for distribution. A separate copy for transmittal to the Governor of the Panama Canal shall be furnished by The Joint Board to the Secretary of War in the case of a grand joint exercise in the Panama Canal Zone.
2. The War and Navy Departments shall formulate and issue detailed instructions affecting the forces under their respective jurisdictions, to the end that the grand joint exercise shall be carried out in accordance with the problem and the general instructions formulated by The Joint Board. Copies of detailed instructions issued by one Department that are of interest to the other Department shall be furnished to the Department thus affected for its information. In the case of a grand joint exercise in the Panama Canal Zone the Navy Department shall furnish the Secretary of War for transmittal to the Governor of the Panama Canal so much of the instructions issued by the Navy Department as are of interest to the authorities of the Panama Canal.

3. In case of a grand joint exercise in the Panama Canal Zone the Secretary of War will issue such instructions to the Governor of the Panama Canal as he may deem necessary.
2. Prior to the commencement of minor joint exercise.

   1. The Army and Navy commanders who have agreed to hold a minor joint exercise shall jointly formulate such general instructions as are necessary to assure adequate and properly coordinated action,both in preparing for and in conducting the exercise, and shall issue them to those concerned in their respective commands.

   2. The Army and Navy commanders referred to in the preceding paragraph shall formulate and issue detailed instructions affecting the forces concerned in their respective

commands, to the end that the minor joint exercise shall be carried out in accordance with the problem and the general instructions jointly formulated by them. Copies of detailed instructions issued by either commander that are of interest to the other commander shall be furnished to the commander thus affected for his information.
3. Subsequent to the commencement of any joint exercise.--Subsequent to the commencement of any joint exercise and until its termination all instructions in connection with the conduct of the exercise,including definite directions as to commencement and termination of a temporary general or local suspension of the exercise, shall be prepared and issued by The Joint Board or by the chief umpires in case of a grand joint exercise, and by the commanders concerned in case of a minor joint exercise.

4. Instructions to include commencement and termination of joint exercise.--The instructions issued in preparation for a joint exercise shall include the following:

   1. The date and hour when the exercise is to commence.

   2. The date and hour when the exercise is to terminate, or merely the approximate date when it is to terminate, when determination of the actual date and hour of its termination is to be left to the discretion of the chief umpires, in which case this fact will be stated.

   3. A description of the signal or an indication of the method by which the chief umpires will terminate the exercise in case its termination is left to their discretion.
114. Designation of forces engaged.

     1. The forces engaged in any joint exercise shall habitually be divided into--

        1. Blue forces, representing those of the United States, and

        2. Black forces, representing those of the enemy.

     2. The Army and Navy forces that are to participate as Blue and Black forces in a joint exercise shall be indicated either in the problem or in the instructions issued in connection therewith--

        1. In general terms, in case of a grand joint exercise, by The Joint Board.

2. In case of a minor joint exercise, by the Army and Navy commanders who have agreed to hold such an exercise.
3. The forces engaged in any joint exercise shall, insofar as practicable, be actual forces. Constructive armament and means shall not be used, except that field works,shelter,obstacles, and other structures that could not be built except at considerable expense and labor may be used constructively but must in every case be outlined clearly and indicated by markers or other contrivances, and material therefor must be actually available.
115. Problems for joint exercises.

     1. The problem for a joint exercise shall habitually consist of the following:

        1. The general situation, which shall embody information assumed to be known to both sides.

        2. The special situation--Blue,which shall embody full information in regard to the Blue forces and such information of the Black forces as might have been obtained in actual war and shall include a statement of requirements which shall indicate definitely what is required and of whom it is required.

        3. The special situation--Black, which shall embody full information in regard to the Black forces and such information of the Blue forces as might have been obtained in actual war and shall include a statement of requirements which shall indicate definitely what is required and of whom it is required.

     2. The problem for a joint exercise shall habitually be prepared by The Joint Board, which shall furnish a sufficient number of copies thereof to the War and Navy Departments for issue by them, respectively, to the Army and Navy forces concerned. In case of a grand joint exercise in the Panama Canal Zone The Joint Board shall furnish a separate copy of the problem to the Secretary of War for transmission to the Governor of the Panama Canal.

     3. In case grand joint exercises are to be held in the Hawaiian Islands or in the Philippine Islands, The Joint Board will prepare a letter for transmittal by the War Department through official channels to the respective governors, containing such information as may be necessary to inform them of the operations contemplated.

4. The problem for a minor joint exercise shall be prepared jointly by the Army and Navy commanders who have agreed to hold such exercise and shall be promulgated by them to those concerned in their respective commands.
116. Conduct of joint exercise.

     1. The conduct of a joint exercise shall habitually be supervised by--

        1. The chief umpires,

        2. A senior umpire--Blue,

        3. A senior umpire--Black, and

        4. Such umpires and assistant umpires as may be necessary.

     2. For a grand joint exercise, 1 Army and 1 Navy member of The Joint Board or 1 Army and 1 Navy officer of high rank, recommended by The Joint Board and detailed therefor by the War and Navy Departments, shall act jointly as the chief umpires, and 1 or more Army or Navy officers, preferably members of the joint planning committee, similarly recommended and detailed, shall act as assistants to the chief umpires.

     3. For a joint exercise, 1 Army or Navy officer, preferably a member of the joint planning committee, recommended by The Joint Board and detailed therefor by the War and Navy Departments, shall act as senior umpire--Blue, and 1 as senior umpire--Black, and 1 or more Army or Navy officers, similarly recommended and detailed, shall act as assistants to each senior umpire. Such number of other Army and Navy officers as The Joint Board may recommend shall be detailed by the War and Navy Departments, or by their authority, to act as umpires for major subdivisions, and as assistant umpires for important elements of such subdivisions, it being understood that if this number does not suffice additional umpires and assistant umpires shall be designated by the Army or Navy commander concerned upon call by the senior umpire concerned.

     4. For a minor joint exercise the chief umpire, the senior umpire--Blue, the senior umpire--Black, such assistants to the foregoing as may be necessary, and such umpires and assistant umpires as may be required shall be designated by mutual agreement between the Army and Navy commanders who desire to hold such an exercise.

     5. The offices of the chief umpires shall be so located as to permit easy communication with the senior umpires, and the office of each

of the latter shall be so located as to permit easy communication with the Blue or Black umpires and the Blue or Black forces, as the case may be, and with the chief umpires.
6. Unless specifically directed otherwise in the problem or instructions issued in connection therewith, the commander of the Army forces and the commander of the Navy forces participating on each side in the exercise shall each furnish the chief umpires, prior to the commencement of the exercise, with a copy, in triplicate, of his estimate of the situation, plans, or synopsis thereof and initial orders. The chief umpires shall retain 1 copy of each document and shall furnish 1 copy to the senior umpire--Blue, and 1 to the senior umpire--Black.

7. After a joint exercise begins any new estimates made and all orders issued shall be immediately communicated by the commanders indicated in subparagraph f above to the senior umpire--Blue or Black, as the case may be, through the umpire assigned to their staffs, or directly in case there is no umpire so assigned.

8. Commanders other than those referred to in subparagraphs f and g above shall similarly communicate their initial estimates and orders and all subsequent estimates and orders to the umpire or assistant umpire assigned to their staffs.

9. All reports and messages that would in an actual case be dispatched by commanders to the Blue War and Navy Departments, the Black War and Navy Departments, or to other forces that are not represented in the exercise, shall be sent to the senior umpire--Blue or Black, as the case may be, for transmission to the chief umpires, who will represent those agencies or forces.

10. All action taken by commanders and all events occurring within the realm of a command shall be promptly communicated by the assistant umpire, or umpire concerned, to his umpire or senior umpire, as the case may be, of the side (Blue or Black) to which he is assigned.
117. Communication between umpires.

     1. So far as practicable, separate telegraph, telephone, visual signal, radio, or other communication shall be provided for the use of the umpires.

2. All messages passing between umpires shall be preceded by the work "umpire" in plain language. Such messages are to be given to the senior umpire at the station addressed, or to the nearest umpire. The information contained in such messages shall not be given to persons other than umpires. Neither side shall attempt to decode or decipher messages preceded by this prefix, nor shall radiocompass bearings be taken on any station transmitting an umpire's message. No attempt shall be made to jam the radio-frequency assigned for the transmission of umpires' messages. All stations are prohibited from shifting to the umpire's frequency for the purpose of avoiding radio interference on their own assigned frequencies.
118. Critique.--At the conclusion of the exercise the commanders and staff of all units participating, or at least those of the major units, shall be assembled for a discussion of the exercise as a whole. This discussion shall be held under the direction of the chief umpires and shall consist essentially of a brief résumé of the situation and progress of the exercise and of a critique thereof, and shall conclude with a statement of the lessons to be learned from the exercise.

119. Reports.--As soon as practicable after the termination of a joint exercise, the following reports thereon, embodying pertinent conclusion and recommendations, shall be rendered:

     1. In case of a grand joint exercise--

        1. By the chief umpires, to the War and Navy Departments.

        2. By commander of the Army forces and by the commander of the Navy forces participating on each side in the exercise, to the War and Navy Departments, respectively.

     2. In case of a minor joint exercise--

        1. By the chief umpires, to the Army and Navy commanders by whose authority the exercise was held.

        2. By the commander of the Army forces and by the commander of the Navy forces participating on each side in the exercise, to the Army and Navy commanders, respectively, by whose authority the exercise was held.

        3. By the Army and Navy commanders by whose authority the exercise was held, to the War and Navy Departments, respectively.

Section III
Maneuver Rules

120. Distinguishing marks.

     1. Blue forces shall have no special distinguishing marks other than those authorized to be worn and displayed by United States land and sea forces.

     2. Black forces shall be distinguished as follows:

        1. Ships shall fly the international K flag (a square flag divided vertically into two equal parts, the half nearest the mast being yellow and the other half blue) at the port yardarm.

        2. Launches and boats shall fly the same flag (international K) at the stern.

        3. Planes shall have the following white stripes, each 12 inches wide, painted on them with water paint as indicated below:

           Two vertical stripes, 12 inches apart, on each side of the fuselage, about 3 feet in rear of the rear edge of the wings, and extending from top to bottom of the fuselage.

           One horizontal stripe on each side of and about 5 feet from the center line of the upper surface of the upper wing and extending entirely across the width of the wing.

           One horizontal stripe on each side of and about 5 feet from the center line of the under surface of the lower wing and extending entirely across the width of the wing.

        4. Personnel.--Each officer and enlisted man shall wear a white band at least 1¹/2 inches wide around his headdress.

     3. Umpires shall wear a red band 4 inches in width on the left arm above the elbow.

     4. Such changes as the chief umpires deem desirable may be made in the distinguishing marks of the Blue and Black forces.

121. Simulation of fire.

     1. The fire of small arms and light field artillery and of boat guns shall be simulated with blank cartridges. Shore batteries, where

practicable, will simulate fire by the use of blank ammunition fired from field guns located near batteries.
2. The fire of all ships shall be simulated during daylight by turning a searchlight upon the target or targets, if visible, during such times as the target is being fired upon. Care must be taken that searchlights are not thus used when the force in question is unable to deliver an effective fire against the target so indicated. In addition to the use of searchlights, ships may use excaliber or subcaliber rifles and one-pounder blanks when simulating fire.

3. Such additional rules as in their judgment are necessary shall be prescribed by the chief umpires.

Section IV
Umpire Instructions

122. General duties of umpires.

     1. Senior umpires shall constantly keep the chief umpires informed of all that occurs on their side in order that an accurate picture may be had by the chief umpires of the progress of the exercise, this being essential to the making of intelligent decisions.

     2. The chief umpires shall similarly keep each senior umpire informed of the situation on the opposing side, and each senior umpire shall similarly keep his umpires and assistant umpires informed of the progress of the exercise. A senior umpire, umpire, or assistant umpire, as the case may be, shall similarly give a commander or commanders concerned such information of the situation, of the effect produced by any action taken by them, and of the action of the enemy as those commanders would possess or be able to obtain in an actual case.Information that commanders should and would in an actual case obtain only through the medium of an agency represented in the exercise shall in no circumstances be furnished by an umpire to any commander.

     3. To illustrate: The commander, Black Fleet, decides to bombard the land defenses in the locality where the exercise is being held and informs the senior umpire, Black, of his decision and of the character of fire to be delivered and the time and period of delivery. The senior umpire, Black, communicates this information promptly to the chief umpires, who in turn inform the senior umpire,Blue, who communicates

it to his umpires, in particular to the umpire assigned to the defenses in question. The reaction of the commander of those defenses is then reported by the umpire of those defenses to the senior umpire--Blue, who communicates it to the chief umpires. The latter then makes a decision in the premises and communicates it to both senior umpires, who in turn communicate it to the umpires concerned and to the interested commanders.
4. The chief umpires shall prepare and promulgate adequate safety precautions for the use of the forces participating in the exercise.
123. Umpires' decisions.

     1. All umpires' decisions shall be made by the chief umpires directly, or by the chief umpires' authority, by either senior umpire or by an umpire or assistant umpire, such decisions being promptly communicated to those concerned. Local decisions that may have to be made by a senior umpire must be immediately communicated to the chief umpires; if made by an umpire or assistant umpire, they must be immediately communicated to the senior umpire concerned and by him to the chief umpires. Wherever it is feasible, as, for example, in the case of an attack made by all landing party against land troops or positions, the umpires or assistant umpires on opposite sides on the spot should, if practicable, confer on the situation before making a decision.

     2. When it is contemplated holding a grand joint exercise, such additional umpire instructions and maneuver rules as may be necessary and as are not already prescribed herein shall be prepared by The Joint Board. In case such additional rules are prepared, The Joint Board shall furnish a sufficient number of copies thereof to the War and Navy Departments for issue by them, respectively, to the Army and Navy forces concerned.

     3. In general, the instructions listed below will be used in joint exercises and by The Joint Board as the basis for the preparation of any additional instructions which may be necessary:

        1. Fleet Umpire Instructions or such other instructions and regulations as may be in use by the United States Fleet to determine damage to ships from naval gunfire, torpedoes, mines, or air attack.

2. Current rules in use by the Coast Artillery Corps to determine damage to ships from seacoast artillery.

3. Current rules in use by the Coast Artillery Corps in case airplanes fly over land-based antiaircraft guns and the current rules in use by the United States Fleet in case airplanes fly over ship-based antiaircraft guns to determine damage to airplanes from antiaircraft gunfire.

4. Current rules in use by the Army Air Corps, or those in use by the United States Fleet, or special rules, will be used to determine damage to airplanes form attack by other airplanes, but in any case the same set of rules will be applied to the aviation of both services.

5. War Department Manual for Umpires of Field Maneuvers and other current War Department documents to determine damage to troops from small-arms fire, artillery fire, aviation attack, and naval gunfire and damage to fortifications and Army installations generally.
4. In the revision of current rules in use by both services and in the preparation of any additional rules that may be necessary, consideration will be given to the maneuver rules and umpire instructions used in preceding grand joint exercises and to the pertinent comments received thereon from the senior Army and Navy commanders and umpires, to the end that damage results from attacks of various kinds will simulate actual war conditions as nearly as possible and that the capabilities and limitations of offensive and defensive instrumentalities and measures may be truly represented.

5. The chief umpires shall have full latitude in changing umpire instructions and maneuver rules, or in prescribing additional ones.
124. Journal of events.-The chief umpires shall keep a complete journal of events covering all occurrences of the joint exercise. Each senior umpire and each umpire and assistant umpire shall keep a similar journal of all events coming under his cognizance. The journals kept by umpires and assistant umpires shall be turned in to their senior umpire, and by him with his journal of events to the chief umpires, at the conclusion of the exercise.

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