Phenology Web Links - Sequence of Bloom:

Uses of plant phenology and sequence of bloom:

• Correlation of plant phenology with insect emergence and pest control
• Correlation with crop planting dates
• Designing farmscapes with cover crops and hedgerows to enhance natural biological control
• Designing bee forage plantings
• Prediction of global warming trends

Floral Calendars for Native Plants & Wildflowers

Wildflower Phenology - The Dawes Arboretum East (Newark, Ohio
http://www.dawesarb.org/phenwww2.htm
 

Sequence of bloom (phenology) for wildflowers at Dawes Arboretum, Newark, Ohio, between , Mar 1, 1988 - Oct 31, 1995. Compiled by Elaine Gandolph Hendricks. Dates for some species extended by additional observations in the years 1996-1998 by Karen Matz. The table starts with flowering of Skunk Cabbage on March 1st and progresses through the season to Black Nightshade on October 11th.

This web link is a table of around 340 wildflowers of Ohio listed in chronological order for sequence of bloom, with data on beginning and ending dates of bloom as well as scientific and common names of plants.

Oklahoma Wildflowers by Charles S. Lewallen Table of Contents Ordered by Date http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/okwild/toc_date.html

An excellent web site for color pictures of 480 wildflowers and native plants of Oklahoma. The flowering dates are organized by month of the year (March thru December), including the actual day of the year each picture was taken.

The Botanic Sorting Machine
http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/folis/bsmain-e.html
 

The Botanical Sorting Machine by Marco Bleeker of The Netherlands is a plant lover’s web site organized by names of plant families and plant orders with links to color pictures, some with botanical/habitat descriptions or links to other web sites.

A special feature is the "In Bloom" section that contains bloom data for a sample of 369 plants, recorded by the Marco Bleeker over a 10-year period. Flowering times are listed on a monthly basis for the colder months (January-February and November-December) and bi-weekly during the peak bloom season (March thru October).

Plant data is organized by color of bloom, Latin name, common name, garden (g) or wild (w) plant, and form (herb, shrub, tree). Background notes discuss phenology and colour.

Bloom Times for Wildflowers of the Southern Appalachians http://ncnatural.com/wildflwr/blmtime.html

Bloom times, organized by month, for about 140 wildflowers of the southern Appalachian bioregion. Some plants link to individual pages containing color photos and botanical descriptions.

Phenology of New York State Rare Plants The New York Natural Heritage Program ftp://ftp.heritage.tnc.org/pub/nhp/us/ny/plants2.html

A table of 700 native (rare) plants of New York state. The phenology list shows the months of the year when the flowers (F), fruits (R) or vegetative parts (V) of each rare species can be seen.

Wild Flower Notesof Ithaca/Tompkins County (New York)
Dan Eckstrom's Wildflower Web Page
http://cribbage.cit.cornell.edu/flowers/flowers.html
 

The Spring, Summer, and Fall wild flower pages contain high quality thumb-nail images of wildflowers blooming by season, with links to more brief information on species and habitat.

Dan Eckstrom's Wild Flower of the Week http://cribbage.cit.cornell.edu/flowers/fotw.html
 

Two wildflowers featured per week, with color photos and links, the Week of June, 28 to July 05, 1998 through the Week of September 20 to September 27, 1998.

Flower Calendar of Crescent Trail near Perinton, New York By Doug Stinson,Crescent Trail Association
http://www5.servtech.com/perinton-org/nature/flora/flowers.htm
 

A floral calendar for about 135 wildflowers and native plants of New York, recorded by the Crescent Trail Association.

The Crescent Trail is a footpath in the Town of Perinton, a suburb southeast of Rochester, New York on the historic Erie Canal between the Finger Lakes and Lake Ontario. Twenty-six miles of trail wind through wooded hills and scenic wetlands. The Trail connects with the Erie Canal Heritage Trail (or towpath) along the banks of the Erie Canal, to the Perinton Hikeway-Bikeway. The Town of Perinton is a southeastern suburb of Rochester, New York.

Phenological Checklist of the Birds of Konza Prairie http://climate.konza.ksu.edu/flora_fauna/bird.html

Phenological checklist for 208 species of birds in Konza Prairie (Kansas), sightings recorded between March through February of the following year. Modified and updated from data previously published from Zimmerman, J.L. 1985. Birds of Konza Prairie Research Natural Area, Kansas. The Prairie Nauralist 17:185-192.

Native Wildflowers of the North Dakota Grasslands Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/wildflwr/wildflwr.htm

A collection of short articles and color photographs of about 250 prairie wildflowers, written by Northern Prairie biologist Harold A. Kantrud over a 15 year period. The articles appeared weekly in local newspapers and were published during the week each species was expected to bloom.

Each article is three to four paragraphs in length and usually consists of the life history of the species, its identifying traits, where in North Dakota one can expect to find it, and its nomenclatural history. Pictures are available for most species.

Midwestern Wetland Flora: Field Office Guide to Plant Species Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/plntguid/plntguid.htm

This guide to wetland flora was compiled in response to increased focus on the value of wetlands at the federal level, especially in the Swampbuster provision of the 1995 Food Security Act. The guide contains 300 species of vascular plants. The guide excludes all species that are true aquatics that live in water, because they are obvious wetland species. Also excluded were those species that most people readily recognize, such as cattail, lizard's tail, and others.

The Species List and Identification Key contains color photos, distribution maps, and botanical features including flowering times indicated for month(s) of bloom.
 

Western Wetland Flora - Field Office Guide to Plant Species Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/westflor/westflor.htm
Same layout and organization as the Midwest Wetland Flora

Phenology

Phenology
http://biologi.uio.no/avdelinger/protistologi/Phenology.html

Phenology Phenology, and plant phenology in particular, has traditions since the 1850´s in Norway. Here, a brief introduction to the present status of this area of wild plant botany in Norway is given, and the intentions of becoming a part of an international phenological network (IPN) is expressed.

Phenology and Seasonality - An International Journal http://biologi.uio.no/avdelinger/protistologi/PhenologyandSeasonality.htm

The Phenology Networks Home Page
http://www.uwm.edu/People/mds/markph.html

The Lilac Phenology Network Home Page http://www.uwm.edu/People/mds/enanet.html

Phenology, which is derived from the Greek word phaino meaning to show or to appear, is the science of periodic biological events in the animal and plant world as influenced by the environment, especially weather and climate. Sprouting and flowering of plants in the spring, color changes of plants in the fall, bird migration, insect hatches, and animal hibernation are all examples of phenological events. Plants are special, highly sensitive weather instruments that integrate the combined effect of weather factors such as temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind, and sunshine in their growth response. They can be observed year after year and dates recorded when certain growth stages, such as opening of leaf buds or appearance of first flowers occur.

Phenological Stages for the Lilac, Syringa chinensis 'Red Rothomagensis' Phenological Stages for the Honeysuckle, Lonicera tatarica 'Arnold Red'

Global Phenological Monitoring-site (GPM) http://www.student.wau.nl/~arnold/gpmn.html

Graphs and charts illustrating phenological records in Europe: Bud swell & flowering dates of grapevine correlated to temperature; arrival dates of swallow in relation to temperature; leafing dates of oak; flowering dates of garlic mustard and emergence of orange tip butterfly; flowering of herbs; flowering of apples.

The Four Goals of the Phenological Study Group

1. To promote a global dialogue among phenologists, by compiling information on phenological research and data sets, and by making this list available to electronic and printed form.

2. To use this global forum: to encourage establishment and expansion of phenological networks for data exchange for international cooperation.

3. To explore methods of using phenology to stimulate public interest, especially among pupils and students.

4. To encourage research that correlates phenological trends with climatic trends, especially in the context of global change monitoring.

Phenology in the North, A School Project in the Barents Region http://www.ungdommenshus.fm.no/phenolog.html

Phenology: A Garden Study by Barb Dorsett
Suite 101 Midwest Garden Report http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/midwest_gardening/7437

What's in Bloom

Missouri Botanical Garden: Plants in Bloom
http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/bloom/

What's in Bloom at the Chicago Botanic Garden http://www.chicago-botanic.org/InBloom.html

What's in Bloom
Longwood Gardens
http://www.longwoodgardens.org/Bloom/whatsinbloom.htm

Order of Bloom
Arnold Arboretum, Boston, Massachusetts
http://www.arboretum.harvard.edu/bloom.htm

What's Blooming
The United States National Arboretum
http://www.ars-grin.gov/na/blooming.html
 

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Compiled by Steve Diver
Fayetteville, Arkansas

Send updates and links to:
steved@ipa.net
==========================================
 
 

General Soil Information:

The Pedosphere and Its Dynamics:  A Systems Approach to Soil Science
University of Alberta
http://www.soils.rr.ualberta.ca/pedosphere/index.cfm

The Pedosphere and Its Dynamics is an on-line textbook from the Soil Science Server at the      University of Alberta.  Information is provided all aspects of soils, including soil texture, structure, mineralogy, pH and reaction, water, air, ecology, organic matter, and others.  It is probably the most informative, best organized, and visually appealing web site on soils anywhere on the Internet.

Soil Biological Communities – Life in Western Soils
http://www.id.blm.gov/iso/931/soil/main.htm

A Bureau of Land Management web site that features a concise, graphics-supported
primer on soil biological communities typical of western, arid soils.  Excellent!

Another soil biology primer featuring concise summaries with supporting graphics, from the Cooperative Research Centre for Soil & Land Management in Adelaide, South Australia.  Excellent!

Davey Jone’s “Plant-Soil-Microbial and Rhizosphere Interactions” Home Page

http://www.safs.bangor.ac.uk/dj/
A compilation of very informative and useful lecture notes from Davey Jone’s home page at the School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences at the University of Wales, Bangor.  Especially see:

 Index for D2503:  Soil-Plant-Microbial Interactions
 http://www.safs.bangor.ac.uk/dj/lectures/s-lect.html

 Index for D2502: Soil Management
 http://www.safs.bangor.ac.uk/dj/lectures/d2502/d2502.html

 Index for D2500: Soil Fertility and World Soils
 http://www.safs.bangor.ac.uk/dj/lectures/om/om.html

The Microbe Zoo - Dirtland
http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/zdmain.html

The Microbe Zoo is an educational web site for kids compiled by the Digital Learning Center for Microbial Ecology.   Dirtland takes viewers on a safari to discover microscopic organisms
that inhabit the soil.  A good place to start for a quick summary and images of below-ground creatures and the important jobs they perform in agriculture, composts, soil building, etc.

 A 15-page review of soil zoology on The Wonderful World of Insects web page.

A 4-page student paper on the Restoration and Reclamation Review website at University of Minnesota – Horticultural Science 5015 course.  This paper looks at protozoan, nematode, termite and earthworm soil fauna; it describes the fauna’s primary habitat, their role in soil health and ways to promote fauna colonization.

A 4-page reprint from Farmer to Farmer magazine, January-February 1997, the award-winning magazine published in California for several years.  Lotter’s article provides a brief description of the soil ecological community, followed by an introduction to methods used to measure microbial biomass and activity; microbial population counts; on-farm microbial activity tests; potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN); phospholipid-fatty acid (PLFA) method; and finally, earthworm indicator tests.

A 13-page reprint of the classic article on the soil foodweb by Dr. Elaine Ingham, soil microbiologist at Oregon State University, and founder of Soil Foodweb Incorporated laboratory.

SFI is the soil microbial analysis lab founded by Dr. Elaine Ingham.  In addition to general background on the importance of the soil foodweb, the following notes are provided on commercial products and agricultural practices that support different microbial communities.

 Bacterial Food Resources
 http://www.soilfoodweb.com/products/bacterialresources.html

 Fungal Food Resources
 http://www.soilfoodweb.com/products/fungalresources.html

 Protozoa Food Resources
 http://www.soilfoodweb.com/products/protozoaresources.html

 Nematode Food Resources
 http://www.soilfoodweb.com/products/nematoderesources.html

 Inocula of Bacteria and Fungi
 http://www.soilfoodweb.com/products/inocula.html

NRCS Soil Quality Information Sheets
http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/survey/SQI/sqiinfo.shtml

Soil Quality Resource Concerns
  Erosion
  Sediment Deposition on Cropland
  Compaction
  Salinization
  Soil Biodiversity
  Available Water Capacity
  Pesticides

Indicators for Soil Quality Evaluation
  Organic Matter
  Soil Crusts
  Aggregate Stability
  Infiltration
  Soil pH

Microbiology of Agricultural Soils
http://www.ucc.ie/impact/agrisf.html

The IMPACT Project deals with the Interactions between Microbial inoculants and resident
Populations in the rhizosphere of Agronomically important Crops in bypical soils.  This site features a brief introduction to the benefits of soil microorganisms accompanied by pictures.

Agronomy Technical Notes Series
http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/survey/SQI/agronomy.shtml

Features on-line technical notes on soil management topics:  Cover Crops; Conservation Crop Rotation Effects on Soil Quality; Effects of Residue Managment, No-Till on Soil Quality; Effect of Soil Quality on Nutrient Efficiency; Herbicides; Legumes and Soil Quality; Effects of Soil Erosion on Soil Productivity.

Soil Quality Introduction
Features on-line information sheets on soil quality topics:  Erosion; Sediment Deposition on Cropland; Compaction; Salinization; Soil Biodiversity; Available Water Capacity; Pesticides; Indicators for Soil Quality Evaluation; Organic Matter; Soil Crusts; Aggregate Stability; Infiltration; Soil pH

Soil Biodiversity -- NRCS Soil Quality Information Sheet
http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/survey/SQI/pdf/biodivers.pdf

Recent Papers from NRCS
http://www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/land/index/publication.html

Earthworms:

Earthworms and Crop Management
Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service.  Publication AY-279.
http://www.agcom.purdue.edu/AgCom/Pubs/AY/AY-279.html
 
Frequently Asked Questions About Earthworms
By Dr. Alan D. Tomlin, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada
http://res.agr.ca/lond/pmrc/faq/earthwor.html#Reference Articles

Building Your Soil:  The Role of Earthworms in Healthy Soils
http://maine.maine.edu/~thomascb/earthworm.html

Nick Musurca's Earthworm Web Page!
http://members.aol.com/camusurca/earthworms/eartworm.htm

Earthworms of North Dakota
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/distr/invert/wormsnd/wormsnd.htm
 

Other:

Glossary of Soil Science
Canadian Soil Information System (CanSIS)
Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre Ottawa (Ontario)
http://res.agr.ca/CANSIS/GLOSSARY/
 

Compiled by Steve Diver
ATTRA Technical Specialist
March 1999