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Class Number: 376 Class Title: INDUCED NUCLEAR REACTIONS: PROCESSES, SYSTEMS, AND ELEMENTS Subclass Subclass Number Title 100 NUCLEAR FUSION 101 .Pellet guidance systems (e.g., pellet injection means) 102 .Inertial confinement (e.g., nuclear explosive) 103 ..Photon beam (e.g., laser) irradiation 104 ...Optics 105 ..Particle beam irradiation (excluding photons) 106 ...Ion beam irradiation 107 .Fusion reaction by plural colliding plasmas or particle beams 108 .Including accelerating particles into a stationary or static target (e.g., Cockcroft-Walton generator type) 109 ..With target replenishing 110 ..With means for modifying the resultant neutron output, e.g., moderator means 111 ..With means to pulsate ion beam 112 ..Cyclotron type acceleration of nuclei 113 ..With electrostatic voltage generating means 114 ..Self-contained neutron sources (e.g., neutron or accelerator tube) 115 ...With cooled electrodes or target 116 ...With ion beam collimator or filtering structure (e.g., extractor electrode) 117 ..With ion beam collimator or filtering structure 118 ..Subterranean sources 119 ..With control circuitry 120 .Including bunched particle beam 121 .Magnetic confinement of plasma 122 ..Plasma formed in situ by laser 123 ..Principal heating by wave energy 124 ...Heating by time varying magnetic field (e.g., by compression) 125 ..Imploding liners 126 ..With enveloping charged particle confinement (e.g., E or P layer) 127 ..With injection of electrically charged or accelerated particles 128 ...Plasma injection 129 ...Negatively charged particle injection 130 ...Neutral particle injection 131 ..Auxiliary heating 132 ...Electromagnetic wave energy 133 ..Toroidal confinement of plasma 134 ...Divertors 135 ....Effuser 136 ...Limiters or liners 137 ...With solid internal conductor 138 ...Bumpy torus 139 ..Linear confinement 140 ...Mirror devices 141 ....Plasma formed or contained between spaced electrodes 142 ..Magnetic structure 143 ..With circuitry 144 .Plasma formed between spaced electrodess 145 ..Plasma focus 146 .Including removal or use of impurities or reaction products (e.g., energy) 147 ..Direct conversion of energy 148 ..Including use of heat or radiation to effect a chemical reaction 149 .Shock wave heating of plasma or gas (e.g., MHD heating) 150 .Chamber structure or material 151 .Fusion targets or pellets 152 ..For inertial confinement 153 DETECTION OF RADIATION BY AN INDUCED NUCLEAR REACTION 154 .By fission 155 .With boron 156 NUCLEAR TRANSMUTATION (E.G., BY MEANS OF PARTICLE OR WAVE ENERGY) 157 .Gamma or charged particle activation analysis 158 .By neutron bombardment 159 ..Neutron activation analysis 160 ...Subterranean 161 ....Specific nuclides 162 .....Metals 163 ......Aluminum, silicon 164 ......Uranium 165 .....Hydrogen, chlorine 166 .....Oxygen, carbon 167 ....With tracer injection 168 ..Halogens 169 ...Iodine 170 ..Actinides 171 ...Breeder or converter reactor structures 172 ....Fertile fuel assembly structure or arrangement 173 .....Having internal fertile regions 174 ....Having particular coolant fluid flow path or pattern within reactor core 175 .....Orifice or fluid control at inlet or outlet of coolant channels 176 ......Hydraulic holddown 177 .....Plural coolant loops or passes through reactor core 178 ....Fuel assembly holddown or support 179 ....Coolant manipulated and used exterior of reactor core 180 ...Formation of uranium isotopes 181 ....Uranium 233 182 ...Formation of plutonium isotopes 183 ..Doping of semiconductors 184 ..Rare earths 185 ..Alkali and alkaline elements 186 ..Molybdenum, technetium 187 ..Lead, polonium, bismuth 188 ..Sulfur, phosphorus 189 ..With reaction product treatment (e.g., recovery, separation) 190 .By charged particle bombardment 191 ..Alpha-neutron sources 192 ..To produce spallation reactions 193 ...To produce fissile isotopes 194 ..Proton bombardment 195 ...With reaction product treatment (e.g., recovery, separation) 196 ..Alpha (helium nucleus) bombardment 197 ...Wherein the reaction product is an actinide or transuraniumm element 198 ...With reaction product treatment (e.g., recovery, separation) 199 ..Deuteron bombardment 200 ...Wherein the reaction product is an actinide or transuranium element 201 ...With reaction product treatment (e.g., recovery, separation) 202 .Irradiation capsule, holder, or support 203 SEAL ARRANGEMENTS 204 .For nozzle 205 .Between pressure vessel cover and vessel or portion thereof 206 ..Rotating plug-type cover 207 WITH CONTROL OF REACTOR (E.G., CONTROL OF COOLANT FLOW) 208 .Pulsed reactors 209 .Spectral shift 210 .By coolant flow 211 ..Exterior of core (e.g., secondary loop control) 212 .By altering quantity of characteristic of fuel within critical area 213 ..Wherein control element includes a fissile material 214 .Reactor start-up 215 .By electronic signal processing circuitry (e.g., plural redundant circuits) 216 ..Plural sensed different conditions or measured variables correlated 217 ...Control programs 218 ....Xenon control 219 .By movement of control element or by release of neutron absorbing material 220 ..Wherein the control element is a reflector or moderator material 221 ...Variable fluent reflector/moderator level or density 222 ....Moderator dump 223 ..Rotatable control elements 224 ..Finger-type control elements (insertable into fuel element positions) 225 ...Including shock absorber 226 ..Wherein control element is driven directly into bed of fuel elements 227 ..Control element movable by means of cable and winch, chains or reels 228 ..Wherein driver or motivating is electric 229 ...Electrofluidic 230 ..Wherein driver or motivating is fluid 231 ...Pneumatic 232 ..By motion transforming means, e.g., rack and pinion 233 ..Releasable coupling 234 ..Including shock absorber 235 ..Means for locking control element in desired position 236 ..Including control rod insertion and removal schemes 237 ...Group movement of control elements 238 ...Setback 239 ..Rod or support carrying plural elements or diverse materials 240 .Sensing or detecting device attached to, embedded in, or integral with control element 241 .Power output control (e.g., load follows with steam dump) 242 .Means to inhibit control rod movement 243 .With cooling of control element 244 .Temperature reactivity controll 245 TESTING, SENSING, MEASURING, OR DETECTING A FISSION REACTOR CONDITION 246 .Flowmeters 247 .Temperature or pressure measurement 248 .Optics 249 .Vessel monitoring or inspection 250 .Leak detection 251 ..Fuel element leak detection 252 ...By acoustic or ultrasonic wave energy 253 ...By the detection of fission products external to the fuel element 254 .Flux monitoring 255 ..Directly generating electrical signal (e.g., ion detection) 256 .Gas sensors (e.g., hydrogen detectors) 257 .Fuel assay (e.g., burnup) 258 .Position detection 259 .By particular instrumentation circuitry 260 HANDLING OF FISSION REACTOR COMPONENT STRUCTURE WITHIN REACTOR SYSTEM 261 .Fuel component 262 ..Including handling of a second different, diverse reactor component (e.g., control element, moderator element, vessel cover removal) 263 ...With pressure vessel cover removal 264 ..Charging or discharging of fuel 265 ...Refueling ball-type reactors 266 ....Means for separating low exposure from high exposure elements 267 ...Refueling schemes, patterns, or fuel cycles (e.g., in/out systems) 268 .Refueling machines 269 ..With magazine 270 ..With nonaxial transfer capability 271 ..Upper axial transfer 272 .Storage container systems for new and/or irradiated core elements 273 SUBTERRANEAN REACTOR STRUCTURES (E.G., UNDERGROUND CONTAINMENT, UNDERGROUND EXPLOSIVE) 274 .For minimizing radioactive contamination within an underground chamber or of the material removed therefrom 275 .For extracting materials or energy from the earth 276 ..In the form of heated water or steam 277 REACTOR PROTECTION OR DAMAGE PREVENTION 278 .By minimizing positive coolant void coefficient 279 .Fire extinguishing or prevention 280 .Core catchers 281 .Fluid flow reversal protection 282 .Emergency core coolant systems (e.g., injecting coolant into reactor or pipe systems) 283 .Pressure suppression and relief 284 ..By fusible means (e.g., ice) 285 .Expansion means (e.g., shock absorbers, roller bearings) 286 ..Pipe expansion joints 287 .Shield or barrier between radiation or heat source and object to be protected (e.g., insulation, thermal shield) 288 ..Particular materials 289 ..Thermal insulation 290 ...For liquid metal cooled fast reactors (e.g., insulation forr vault roof, or for the vessel walls as by a layer of stagnant or quasi-stagnant coolant) 291 ...Concentric tubes or conduits with insulation 292 ..Concentric tubes or conduits 293 ..Containment structures 294 ...Pressure vessels 295 ....Concrete 296 .....Prestressed 297 .With turbine protection means (e.g., turbine trip or overspeed protection means) 298 .Auxiliary heat removal structure 299 ..Decay heat removal 300 .Recombiners 301 ..Catalytic 302 .Core restraint means 303 ..In-core restraint means 304 ..For moderator structures 305 .Corrosion or damage prevention 306 ..By addition of material to coolant 307 .With pressurizer means 308 FISSION REACTOR MATERIAL (INCLUDING REACTION PRODUCTS) TREATMENT 309 .Post accident impurity or contaminant removal 310 .Impurity removal 311 ..Reprocessing of fuel during reactor operation 312 ..By cold traps or hot traps 313 ..By filters, ion exchangers, or absorbers 314 ...Gas filters (e.g., adsorbers) 315 ...Electrostatic or magnetic filters 316 ..By pressurized fluid (i.e., blowdown) 317 COMBINED 318 .With propulsion means 319 ..Gaseous core 320 .With direct conversion means 321 ..Thermionic 322 .For storing excess energy 323 .With chemical reaction 324 ..To produce a combustible fuel 325 ...Cracking of hydrocarbons 326 .With laser 327 CONTROL COMPONENT FOR A FISSION REACTOR 328 .Liquid control component 329 ..With vaporization 330 ..Liquid metal control component 331 .Gaseous control component 332 .Telescopic control devices 333 .Wherein concentration of the reactivity affecting material varies radially or axially of the control element 334 ..By utilizing a follower 335 .Flexible control element 336 .Fuse actuated devices 337 ..Particulate type 338 .Particulate type (e.g., balls) 339 .Nonconventional control material 340 REACTOR STRUCTURES WITH TESTING OR IRRADIATION FACILITIES 341 .With material holder or support positioned outside the radiation source 342 .With provision for insertion of material to be irradiated intoo the radiation means 343 ..Flux trap reactor structures 344 ..By fluid pressure 345 ...Wherein the fluid is a liquid 346 EPI-THERMAL REACTOR STRUCTURES (E.G., INTERMEDIATE NEUTRON SPECTRUM) 347 REACTOR STRUCTURES 348 .Fast thermal composite core 349 .Flux flattening 350 .Moderator component varies in its effective density or materials 351 ..Spaced internal reflectors or moderators 352 .Orifice or fluid control at inlet or outlet of coolant channels 353 .With particular control rod guide structure 354 .Fuel material in contact with and supported by fluid 355 ..Fluidized beds 356 ..Fuel dispersed in liquid moderator, solution, etc. 357 ...Vapor forming, separating, or manipulating 358 ...With particular in situ reconstitution or modification of fuel moderator material 359 ..Fuel in molten state or in molten vehicle 360 ...Fuel in form of fused salt 361 .Circulating fluid within reactor 362 ..Fuel assembly supports 363 ...Suspended fuel assembly 364 ...Fuel assembly holddown or locking means 365 ....Hydraulic or pneumatic 366 ..Plural fluids or a fluid in plural phases circulating within reactor (e.g., pressure tube reactors) 367 ...In heat pipe means 368 ...Including chemically distinct gas 369 ....With formation, separation, or manipulation of a second gas 370 ...With formation, separation, or manipulation of a vapor (e.g., boiling water reactor (BWR) type) 371 ....With vapor-liquid separating means 372 ....With jet pump 373 ....Having specified fluid flow path or pattern within reactor core 374 .....Plural separate coolant loops through reactor core 375 .....With plural, coolant passes through reactor core 376 ......Re-entrant type 377 .....With particular flow directing or diverting means (e.g., flow baffle) 378 ....Vapor manipulated or used exterior of reactor core 379 .....With flow control of fluid within reactor 380 ....Nonaqueous vapor 381 ..Pebble bed reactor 382 ...Having core of separate pebble containers 383 ..Fluid is a gas 384 ...Wherein the gas is steam 385 ...Having specified flow path or pattern within reactor core 386 ....Plural separate loops 387 ....Plural passes through core 388 .....Re-entrant type 389 ....With particular flow directing or diverting means (e.g., flow baffle) 390 .....With core bypass means (e.g., passage along core barrel orr through shield structure) 391 ...Manipulated or used exterior of the reactor core 392 ....With jet pump 393 ....With coaxial flow 394 ....With single structure component containment (e.g., pod arrangement) 395 ..Having specified fluid flow path or pattern within reactor core 396 ...Plural separate coolant loops through reactor core 397 ...Plural passes 398 ....Re-entrant type 399 ...With particular flow directing or diverting means (e.g., flow baffle) 400 ....With core bypass means (e.g., passage along core barrel or through shield structure) 401 ...One-fluid-type pressure tube reactor 402 ..Manipulated or used exterior of reactor core 403 ...Including tank, pool, or reservoir (e.g., swimming pool) 404 ....Having reactor core and heat exchanger or pump therein 405 .....With particular heat exchanger structure 406 ...Compact or integral (e.g., heat exchanger, core, pumps in same vessel) 407 ...With jet pumps 408 ...With means or structure to flash coolant into vapor 409 FUEL COMPONENT STRUCTURE 410 .With means to prevent thinning of the cladding (e.g., amoeba effect) 411 .Spherical particles 412 .Encased with nonfuel component 413 ..With internal pressurizer 414 ..Coated, preformed, or impregnated layer or part or adhesively bonded layers or parts 415 ...Lubricating layer 416 ...Multiple or composite cladding-type layers 417 ....Including getter layer or barrier layer 418 ..Getter, fission product retainer of filter 419 ..Burnable poison 420 ..Interpellet spacing or positioning means 421 ..Homogeneously intermixed 422 ...Alloyed fuel 423 ..Moderator or reflector 424 ..Coolant or heat exchange material 425 ..Heat insulating material 426 .Plural fuel segments or elements 427 ..In solid moderator block 428 ..Wherein the fissile content varies radially or axially within the same container (e.g., plural fuel layers) 429 ..Complementary segments within same container 430 ..Spherically shaped segments within same container 431 ..Concentric cylindrical elements 432 ..Plate-type fuel elements 433 ..Stacked (e.g., Candu type reactor fuel components) 434 ..In pack or bundle 435 ...Wherein the fissile content varies radially or axially across the pack or bundle 436 ...Wire-wrapped fuel elements 437 ...Having the fuel element ends positioned on or attached to railss 438 ...Including grid 439 ....With coolant flow path deflecting means 440 ....For ends of fuel elements 441 ....With nonintegral fuel element contacting means 442 ....With fuel element contacting protuberance or projection 443 ...With coolant flow path deflecting means 444 ....With coolant flow bypass means 445 ...With thermal expansion compensating means 446 ...With removable member 447 ...Including separate burnable poison or moderator 448 ...With means for spacing apart adjacent packs or bundles 449 ...Having provision or structure for insertion of control elements therein 450 .With condition sensing or indicating means 451 .Having particular end closure or seal (e.g., weld, plug, cap, etc.) 452 ..With indexing means 453 .Fuel support or covering provided with fins, projections, prongs, etc.) 454 ..With external fins, projections, prongs, etc. 455 .Hollow, annular, or graduated fuel layers or members (e.g., concentric, helical, etc.) 456 .Vented fuel 457 .Nonconventional jacket or can material 458 MODERATOR OR REFLECTOR COMPONENT STRUCTURE FOR A FISSION REACTOR 459 .With means for keying or assembling moderator blocks together 460 ROTATING PLUG-TYPE COVER 461 VESSEL SUPPORT (E.G., CORE VESSEL SUPPORTS) 462 GRIDS 463 MISCELLANEOUS * ****************************** * CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS * ****************************** 900 PARTICULAR MATERIAL OR MATERIAL SHAPES FOR FISSION REACTORS 901 .Fuel 902 ..With external lubricating or absorbing material 903 ..Shapes 904 .Moderator, reflector, or coolant materials 905 ..Organic 906 ..Metal 907 ..Dissociative coolants 908 REACTOR GEOMETRY (OR PART THEREOF) DEFINED IN TERMS OF NUMERICAL VALUES 909 MOBILE REACTORS 910 ROTATING REACTORS 911 PLURAL REACTOR SYSTEMS 912 NUCLEAR REACTOR SYSTEMS SITUATED IN THE OCEAN 913 ANTIMATTER DEVICES AND METHODS 914 NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES 915 FUSION REACTOR FUELS 916 METHODS OF MAKING FUSION FUEL TARGETS 917 UTILIZING DIFFERENT FUELS OR FUELS IN DIFFERENT FORMS, IN DIFFERENT REACTOR REGIONS IN RELATION TO AMOUNTS OF HEAT PRODUCED IN SAID REGIONS 918 ENTIRE REACTOR CORE OF SINGLE INTEGRAL STRUCTURE