From bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!xanth.cs.odu.edu!saimiri.primate.wisc.edu!caen!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!murdoch!Hopper.itc.Virginia.EDU!adamf Tue May 3 21:54:37 EDT 1994 Article: 142 of sci.agriculture.beekeeping Newsgroups: sci.agriculture.beekeeping Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!xanth.cs.odu.edu!saimiri.primate.wisc.edu!caen!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!murdoch!Hopper.itc.Virginia.EDU!adamf From: adamf@Hopper.itc.Virginia.EDU (Adam Finkelstein) Subject: Re: NEED INFO/FAQ for BEEKEEPING Message-ID: Sender: usenet@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU Organization: Public Access Internet at UVa. References: <2p6578$hbp@sixgun.east.sun.com> Date: Sat, 23 Apr 1994 18:15:24 GMT Lines: 32 Ok folks, its FAQ time. Lets get this FAQ rolling. Starting in beekeeping Beekeeping resources a internet b books Honey production Pollination Pollen Production Queen Rearing Bee Biology Bee Pests a diseases b Mites African Bees Apicultural lore Apitherapy etc etc etc I'll be glad to receive any input or suggestions on FAQ material. Lets shoot for 5/94 as a date for the first FAQ. Send me anything you think should be on the FAQ and I'll write it up. Adam -- =============================================================================== Adam Finkelstein VDACS Apiary Inspector 116 Reservoir St Harrisonburg VA 22801 703-433-1006 (V) 703-434-5607 (Fax) 703-564-4394 (Pager) adamf@hopper.itc.virginia.edu adamf@vtaix.cc.vt.edu |Bees To Please| ================================================================================ From bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news.duke.edu!MathWorks.Com!news.kei.com!world!kibo Tue May 3 21:54:38 EDT 1994 Article: 143 of sci.agriculture.beekeeping Newsgroups: sci.agriculture.beekeeping,alt.religion.kibology Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news.duke.edu!MathWorks.Com!news.kei.com!world!kibo From: kibo@world.std.com (James "Kibo" Parry) Subject: Re: Propolis? Message-ID: Organization: HappyNet Headquarters References: <2p0guc$85@gorgon.gatwick.sgp.slb.com> Date: Mon, 25 Apr 1994 09:24:03 GMT Lines: 13 Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.agriculture.beekeeping:143 alt.religion.kibology:28044 [sci.agriculture.beekeeping] In article , Richard Hyde wrote: > I have heard anecdotal evidence that propolis has been used to > cure arthritus, but then so has copper and silver bracelets. YMMV. I hear that the Weekly World News and New England Jornal of Medicine will, tomorrow, jointly announce that a mixture of Pop Rocks and Coke will cure arthritis. > Does anyone know if Kibo keeps bees? :-) I tried to keep bees, but they just buzzed off. -- K. From bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news.duke.edu!MathWorks.Com!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!library.ucla.edu!ihnp4.ucsd.edu!news.acns.nwu.edu!merle.acns.nwu.edu!pccheng Tue May 3 21:54:39 EDT 1994 Article: 144 of sci.agriculture.beekeeping Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news.duke.edu!MathWorks.Com!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!library.ucla.edu!ihnp4.ucsd.edu!news.acns.nwu.edu!merle.acns.nwu.edu!pccheng From: pccheng@merle.acns.nwu.edu (Paul C. Cheng) Newsgroups: sci.agriculture.beekeeping,alt.religion.kibology Subject: Re: Propolis? Followup-To: sci.agriculture.beekeeping Date: 25 Apr 1994 12:37:41 GMT Organization: Northwestern University, Evanston IL Lines: 25 Message-ID: <2pgdil$66p@news.acns.nwu.edu> References: <2p0guc$85@gorgon.gatwick.sgp.slb.com> NNTP-Posting-Host: unseen3.acns.nwu.edu Xref: bigblue.oit.unc.edu sci.agriculture.beekeeping:144 alt.religion.kibology:28068 In article , James "Kibo" Parry wrote: >[sci.agriculture.beekeeping] >In article , Richard Hyde wrote: >> I have heard anecdotal evidence that propolis has been used to >> cure arthritus, but then so has copper and silver bracelets. YMMV. > >I hear that the Weekly World News and New England Jornal of Medicine >will, tomorrow, jointly announce that a mixture of Pop Rocks and Coke >will cure arthritis. Hey, don't knock propolis benefits just yet. Let's wait for current research on caffeic acid phenethyl ester before dismissing this folk remedy. BTW, there are several M.D.'s and well-respected bee researchers who believe in apitherapy. This is where you use bee VENOM for, say, arthritis. Regards, Paul -- Paul C. Cheng (pccheng@merle.acns.nwu.edu) Northwestern University Medical School, MSTP-1 Ward Bldg. Box 213 Chicago, IL 60611 From bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!xanth.cs.odu.edu!saimiri.primate.wisc.edu!sdd.hp.com!swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!convex!news.duke.edu!MathWorks.Com!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!howland.reston.ans.net!math.ohio-state.edu!news.acns.nwu.edu!merle.acns.nwu.edu!pccheng Tue May 3 21:54:40 EDT 1994 Article: 145 of sci.agriculture.beekeeping Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!xanth.cs.odu.edu!saimiri.primate.wisc.edu!sdd.hp.com!swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!convex!news.duke.edu!MathWorks.Com!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!howland.reston.ans.net!math.ohio-state.edu!news.acns.nwu.edu!merle.acns.nwu.edu!pccheng From: pccheng@merle.acns.nwu.edu (Paul C. Cheng) Newsgroups: sci.agriculture.beekeeping Subject: Re: Why does honey crystallize? Date: 26 Apr 1994 05:25:19 GMT Organization: Northwestern University, Evanston IL Lines: 20 Message-ID: <2pi8jv$o2r@news.acns.nwu.edu> References: NNTP-Posting-Host: unseen3.acns.nwu.edu In article , Anthony Wallis wrote: (From DADANT) > the excesive material comming out of solution. .. Crystallizing > tendancy is related to honey composition and storage conditions; > some honeys never crystallize while others will do so within a few > days of extraction, or even in the comb. I would think that increased amounts of crystallization nuclei might also cause crystallization of home-packed honey. If there are tiny pieces of wax, bee hairs, etc. in honey with a high concentration of sugar, then it would be very likely that crystallization will occur. Regards, Paul -- Paul C. Cheng (pccheng@merle.acns.nwu.edu) Northwestern University Medical School, MSTP-1 Ward Bldg. Box 213 Chicago, IL 60611 From bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!corpgate!news.utdallas.edu!wupost!howland.reston.ans.net!pipex!sunic!trane.uninett.no!nac.no!nntp-oslo.uninett.no!matsal6.nlh.no!user Tue May 3 21:54:41 EDT 1994 Article: 146 of sci.agriculture.beekeeping Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!corpgate!news.utdallas.edu!wupost!howland.reston.ans.net!pipex!sunic!trane.uninett.no!nac.no!nntp-oslo.uninett.no!matsal6.nlh.no!user From: () Newsgroups: sci.agriculture.beekeeping Subject: bees Followup-To: sci.agriculture.beekeeping Date: 25 Apr 1994 13:32:19 GMT Organization: UniNett Lines: 1 Distribution: world Message-ID: <2pggp3$9h4@ratatosk.uninett.no> NNTP-Posting-Host: matsal6.nlh.no Where do I get my first bee? From bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!corpgate!news.utdallas.edu!wupost!howland.reston.ans.net!pipex!sunic!trane.uninett.no!nac.no!nntp-oslo.uninett.no!matsal6.nlh.no!user Tue May 3 21:54:43 EDT 1994 Article: 147 of sci.agriculture.beekeeping Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!corpgate!news.utdallas.edu!wupost!howland.reston.ans.net!pipex!sunic!trane.uninett.no!nac.no!nntp-oslo.uninett.no!matsal6.nlh.no!user From: joern.thoresen@student.nlh.no (J¿rn Thorsen) Newsgroups: sci.agriculture.beekeeping Subject: Bees Followup-To: sci.agriculture.beekeeping Date: 25 Apr 1994 13:36:25 GMT Organization: NLH Lines: 1 Distribution: world Message-ID: NNTP-Posting-Host: matsal6.nlh.no Where do I get my first bee? From bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!corpgate!news.utdallas.edu!wupost!sdd.hp.com!saimiri.primate.wisc.edu!caen!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!murdoch!Hopper.itc.Virginia.EDU!adamf Tue May 3 21:54:46 EDT 1994 Article: 148 of sci.agriculture.beekeeping Newsgroups: sci.agriculture.beekeeping Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!corpgate!news.utdallas.edu!wupost!sdd.hp.com!saimiri.primate.wisc.edu!caen!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!murdoch!Hopper.itc.Virginia.EDU!adamf From: adamf@Hopper.itc.Virginia.EDU (Adam Finkelstein) Subject: Varroa questions from Ormond Message-ID: Keywords: varroa, mite Sender: usenet@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU Organization: Public Access Internet at UVa. Date: Fri, 22 Apr 1994 14:30:00 GMT Lines: 60 Rob Bidleman recently wrote to BEE-L: >I requested several weeks ago that a few of you more verbose posters >reply to Ormond Aebi's question, I have filled >him in as best I could but promised I would get a second, third and >fourth opinion so he could more or less get a good rounded view of the >Varroa situation. I will ask again: I am not personally an expert in this arena, but will throw the following comments into the fray, for whatever they are worth! >When do the mites enter the bees? Varroa is an external parasite, so they do not "enter" the bee itself. Tracheal mite, on the other hand, is an internal parasite. The Varroa mite does enter brood cells to reproduce - is this what you are refering to?? Also, are you asking for the age of the bees or the age of the mites (or both?) >What in your opinion is the best single treatment for Varroa? In the USA, the *only* legal chemical treatment that I am aware of is fluvalinate (Apistan). I have heard of bio-mechanical methods (removing capped drone brood so as to remove the enclosed mites), but am unsure how effective this is. >What is the fate of the mites once bees are decimated in an area? I would assume that if the bees were truly decimated, then the mites would die off also. Actually, it seems to me that the bee population would have to be *eliminated*, otherwise reinfestation from the small, but remaining bee population would be a problem. In the USA, I would think it nearly impossible to eliminate the bee population in an area due to the widespread presence of managed colonies - beekeepers tend to replace bees that die off. Sure, the wild population might be eliminated by the mite, but the managed colonies can still be a "mite reservoir", providing a haven for the mites, and a source of re-infestation. Finally, I don't know what "alternative hosts" are around that could support the Varroa mite in the absence of honey bees. >Thank you in advance for Ormond. > > +%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+% > % robbee@crl.com box 721 healdsburg ca 95448 % > +%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+%+% Hope that helps. I'm afraid I posed more questions than I answered, though! Rick Hough, a hobby beekeeper with 9 colonies NE of Boston, MA, USA. "Ask ten beekeepers how to do something, and you will hear at least a dozen "RIGHT" ways to do it!" - overheard at a club meeting. -- =============================================================================== Adam Finkelstein VDACS Apiary Inspector 116 Reservoir St Harrisonburg VA 22801 703-433-1006 (V) 703-434-5607 (Fax) 703-564-4394 (Pager) adamf@hopper.itc.virginia.edu adamf@vtaix.cc.vt.edu |Bees To Please| ================================================================================ From bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!corpgate!news.utdallas.edu!wupost!math.ohio-state.edu!caen!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!murdoch!Hopper.itc.Virginia.EDU!adamf Tue May 3 21:54:47 EDT 1994 Article: 149 of sci.agriculture.beekeeping Newsgroups: sci.agriculture.beekeeping Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!corpgate!news.utdallas.edu!wupost!math.ohio-state.edu!caen!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!murdoch!Hopper.itc.Virginia.EDU!adamf From: adamf@Hopper.itc.Virginia.EDU (Adam Finkelstein) Subject: Re: Varroa questions from Ormond Message-ID: Keywords: varroa, mite Sender: usenet@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU Organization: Public Access Internet at UVa. References: Date: Fri, 22 Apr 1994 14:44:27 GMT Lines: 38 From: Aaron Morris Subject: Varroa answer In response to Rob Biddleman's query for Ormond Aebi about varroa, I don't claim to be an expert, but I'll be glad to pass on what I gleaned from a pamphlet distributed at our local beekeepers association (unfortunately, I no longer have the pamphlet and I forget the source, although I seem to recall that it's the producers of Apistan). I'm thrilled to pass on to Ormond what I know, in a small attempt to return what he has passed on to me through his book, which I thoroughly enjoyed! The life cycle of Varroa is such that varroa eggs and nymphs are laid/hatch/wait for their host in individual cells in the comb. When bee pupae are capped, the adult varroa attach themselves and hence are already on the emerging bee. The mites have a preference for drone cells, but I haven't a clue as to how they distinguish drone cells from worker cells. The only treatment I have used is Apistan (something Ormond would disdain). I lost two hives this winter (even though I treated in the fall) and dead mites were left all over the bottom boards. I would assume that once varroa decimate an area they will die off. Unfortunately, it would take MASSIVE die offs on a large scale to eradicate mites from an entire area. Even if one's entire apiary is wiped out, starting over from scratch gives no guarantee that there won't be mites in hives in the next county over. My question would be, how do mites spread from hive to hive? If the mites enter bees in the cell, then how does a mite-less hive pick up the first mite? The best guess I can take at this one is drifting, but that's just a SWAG. So, I've written what I know and have ended with a question. I hope this will help, or at least lead to a more boisterous discussion. -- =============================================================================== Adam Finkelstein VDACS Apiary Inspector 116 Reservoir St Harrisonburg VA 22801 703-433-1006 (V) 703-434-5607 (Fax) 703-564-4394 (Pager) adamf@hopper.itc.virginia.edu adamf@vtaix.cc.vt.edu |Bees To Please| ================================================================================ From bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!corpgate!news.utdallas.edu!wupost!sdd.hp.com!caen!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!murdoch!Hopper.itc.Virginia.EDU!adamf Tue May 3 21:54:48 EDT 1994 Article: 150 of sci.agriculture.beekeeping Newsgroups: sci.agriculture.beekeeping Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!corpgate!news.utdallas.edu!wupost!sdd.hp.com!caen!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!murdoch!Hopper.itc.Virginia.EDU!adamf From: adamf@Hopper.itc.Virginia.EDU (Adam Finkelstein) Subject: Re: Varroa questions from Ormond Message-ID: Keywords: varroa, mite Sender: usenet@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU Organization: Public Access Internet at UVa. References: Date: Fri, 22 Apr 1994 14:46:04 GMT Lines: 46 Date: Wed, 20 Apr 1994 08:53:00 -0700 Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Paul van Westendorp 576-5600 Fax: 576-5652" Subject: Re: Varroa answer Aaron Morris' "Varroa Answer" speculates on the way a mite-less colony gets infested. Here in British Columbia, we have witnessed a progressive spread of Varroa from the most southern areas close to the US border northward. Due to BC's topography marked by mountain ranges running north-south, Varroa has been following the valley floors where bees are kept, and where bees are being transported. We have seen the typical 'leaps & bounds' phenomenon of finding incidental Varroa infestations in apiaries that by themselves are pretty isolated (from other bee populations) but are always close to the highway. Clear proof of infested bees escaping from trucks moving colonies from southern BC to the far north. The other form of spread is more localized but rapid nonetheless, which can only be explained through drifting and drone visitations. I commented sometime ago on the distance of flight of bees, and referred to research done by Tibor Szabo in the early eighties. Drones with free access to other colonies, coupled with their 'high motivation' (ie. sex drive) and physical ability to fly fast and far, are overwhelming likely playing a critical role as vectors of Varroa. Your question about how Varroa distinguishes between a drone cell/larva and a worker cell/larva is intriquing. I have often wandered about that also, but perhaps some chemical or pheremonal cues may play an important role. Paul van Westendorp Provincial Apiculturist BC Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries & Food 17720 - 57th Avenue Surrey, B.C. V3S 4P9 CANADA -- =============================================================================== Adam Finkelstein VDACS Apiary Inspector 116 Reservoir St Harrisonburg VA 22801 703-433-1006 (V) 703-434-5607 (Fax) 703-564-4394 (Pager) adamf@hopper.itc.virginia.edu adamf@vtaix.cc.vt.edu |Bees To Please| ================================================================================ From bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news.duke.edu!convex!cs.utexas.edu!uunet!nih-csl!FAXCSL!FIXER Tue May 3 21:54:52 EDT 1994 Article: 151 of sci.agriculture.beekeeping Newsgroups: sci.agriculture.beekeeping Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news.duke.edu!convex!cs.utexas.edu!uunet!nih-csl!FAXCSL!FIXER From: fixer@faxcsl.dcrt.nih.gov (Chris Gonna' Find Ray Charles Tate) Subject: Re: Mead? Message-ID: <1994Apr25.135532.18123@alw.nih.gov> Sender: postman@alw.nih.gov (AMDS Postmaster) Reply-To: fixer@faxcsl.dcrt.nih.gov Organization: DCRT, NIH, Bethesda, MD References: ,<2pcjtr$f6a@xochi.tezcat.com> Date: Mon, 25 Apr 1994 13:55:32 GMT Lines: 13 For discussion of mead, you might want to check out the newsgroup rec.food.historic. There are a lot of SCA people on that group (Society for Creative Anachronism), and a goodly discussion of all sorts of foods that were known in ancient times - including those brewed foods. :-) There's also a .homebrew or .zymurgy group or two that you might take a look at. --------------------------------------------------------------- Christopher Tate | "So he dropped the heart - MSD, Inc. | the floor's clean." fixer@faxcsl.dcrt.nih.gov | - Sidney Harris From bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news.duke.edu!MathWorks.Com!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!howland.reston.ans.net!math.ohio-state.edu!caen!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!murdoch!Hopper.itc.Virginia.EDU!adamf Tue May 3 21:54:53 EDT 1994 Article: 152 of sci.agriculture.beekeeping Newsgroups: sci.agriculture.beekeeping Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news.duke.edu!MathWorks.Com!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!howland.reston.ans.net!math.ohio-state.edu!caen!hearst.acc.Virginia.EDU!murdoch!Hopper.itc.Virginia.EDU!adamf From: adamf@Hopper.itc.Virginia.EDU (Adam Finkelstein) Subject: Re: Mead? Message-ID: Sender: usenet@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU Organization: Public Access Internet at UVa. References: Date: Sat, 23 Apr 1994 01:06:40 GMT Lines: 15 There is some avid mead discussion in the group rec.crafts.brewing. Also there is a mead mailing list: mead-lovers@eklektix.com I _drink_ mead. : ) Adam -- =============================================================================== Adam Finkelstein VDACS Apiary Inspector 116 Reservoir St Harrisonburg VA 22801 703-433-1006 (V) 703-434-5607 (Fax) 703-564-4394 (Pager) adamf@hopper.itc.virginia.edu adamf@vtaix.cc.vt.edu |Bees To Please| ================================================================================ From bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!corpgate!news.utdallas.edu!wupost!math.ohio-state.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!moe.ksu.ksu.edu!cis.ksu.edu!mac Tue May 3 21:54:54 EDT 1994 Article: 153 of sci.agriculture.beekeeping Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!corpgate!news.utdallas.edu!wupost!math.ohio-state.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!moe.ksu.ksu.edu!cis.ksu.edu!mac From: mac@cis.ksu.edu (Myron A. Calhoun) Newsgroups: sci.agriculture.beekeeping Subject: Can't reach jane@cork.swdc.stratus.com Date: 25 Apr 1994 15:27:16 GMT Organization: Kansas State University, Dept. of Computer Science Lines: 32 Distribution: usa Message-ID: NNTP-Posting-Host: depot.cis.ksu.edu Sorry to waste net bandwidth, but I would like the following message (which had delivery problems--"connection timed out during initial connection with cork.swdc.stratus.com") to get through: To: jane@cork.swdc.stratus.com Subject: Re: Swarms decreasing? In sci.agriculture.beekeeping you write: >Has anyone in the Bay Area (yep, California) noticed that >swarming behavior is decreasing? My neighborhood used to get >a couple swarms every year, but they seem to be decreasing >over time. I lived in Menlo park from 1967-1971 and started my beekeeping there. One year I gave my name to the local authorities (police, etc.) and let them know that I'd remove swarms.... That spring I averaged two calls PER DAY! Very quickly my wife learned to separate the few where truly alergic to bee stings from those who were just scared, educating the latter and telling the former I'd get their swarm ASAP. --Myron. # Five boxes preserve our freedoms: soap, ballot, jury, witness, and cartridge. # Myron A. Calhoun, PhD EE; Assoc. Professor (913) 539-4448 home # INTERNET: mac@cis.ksu.edu 532-6350 work, 532-7353 fax # UUCP: ...rutgers!depot!mac Packet radio: W0PBV@N0ARY.#NOCAL.CA.USA.NA -- # Five boxes preserve our freedoms: soap, ballot, jury, witness, and cartridge. # Myron A. Calhoun, PhD EE; Assoc. Professor (913) 539-4448 home # INTERNET: mac@cis.ksu.edu 532-6350 work, 532-7353 fax # UUCP: ...rutgers!depot!mac Packet radio: W0PBV@N0ARY.#NOCAL.CA.USA.NA From bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news.duke.edu!MathWorks.Com!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!howland.reston.ans.net!math.ohio-state.edu!usc!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!netline-fddi.jpl.nasa.gov!sookit!rspear Tue May 3 21:54:56 EDT 1994 Article: 154 of sci.agriculture.beekeeping Path: bigblue.oit.unc.edu!concert!news.duke.edu!MathWorks.Com!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!howland.reston.ans.net!math.ohio-state.edu!usc!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!netline-fddi.jpl.nasa.gov!sookit!rspear From: rspear@sookit (Richard Spear) Newsgroups: sci.agriculture.beekeeping Subject: Re: Pasteurized honey... Date: 25 Apr 1994 16:34:33 GMT Organization: Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Pasadena CA Lines: 24 Message-ID: <2pgrep$ev@netline-fddi.jpl.nasa.gov> References: <2pcpdi$28h@news.acns.nwu.edu> Reply-To: rspear@sookit.jpl.nasa.gov NNTP-Posting-Host: sookit.jpl.nasa.gov Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL0] Paul C. Cheng (pccheng@merle.acns.nwu.edu) wrote: : Hello again, : My colleagues at UC Davis did their honey survey again this year and found : much of the people surveyed to prefer unprocessed "natural" honey from : the same floral source. Does anyone know how honey from the supermarket is : processed? : Thanks, : Paul : -- : Paul C. Cheng (pccheng@merle.acns.nwu.edu) : Northwestern University Medical School, MSTP-1 : Ward Bldg. Box 213 : Chicago, IL 60611 isn't it required to be pasteurized? i, too would like to know the answer to this question. regards, richard rspear@sookit.jpl.nasa.gov all disclaimers apply